RENAL

• What is the common name for renal calculi?

  Kidney stones
• How do kidney stones form?

  They form from minerals and salts in urine
• What are the different types of kidney stones?

  Calcium stones, Struvite stones, Uric acid stones
• What symptoms can larger kidney stones cause?

  Pain in abdomen, severe pain, nausea
• What is acute kidney injury (AKI)?

  A sudden decline in kidney function
• What causes acute kidney injury?

  Lack of blood flow to the kidneys
• What contributes to acute kidney injury?

  Dehydration and low blood pressure
• What are common signs of acute kidney injury?

  Oedema, reduced urine output, fatigue
• What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

  Gradual loss of kidney function
• How many stages are there in chronic kidney disease?

  Five stages
• Why is chronic kidney disease termed 'chronic'?

  Damage occurs slowly over time
• What is the normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)?

  90-120 for normal function
• What are the major causes of chronic kidney disease?

  Diabetes and hypertension
• What is CKD stage 1 characterized by?

  Mild kidney damage with eGFR of 90+
• What are the symptoms of CKD stage 1?

  Often asymptomatic at this stage
• What is CKD stage 2 characterized by?

  Mild loss of kidney function with eGFR 60-89
• What are the symptoms of CKD stage 2?

  May remain asymptomatic
• What is CKD stage 3a characterized by?

  Mild to moderate loss with eGFR 45-59
• What symptoms may appear in CKD stage 3a?

  Fatigue or mild symptoms
• What is CKD stage 3b characterized by?

  Moderate to severe loss with eGFR 30-44
• What symptoms may appear in CKD stage 3b?

  Fatigue, fluid retention, and other signs
• What is CKD stage 4 characterized by?

  Severe loss with eGFR 15-29
• What symptoms are pronounced in CKD stage 4?

  Weakness and anemia
• What is CKD stage 5 also known as?

  Kidney failure
• What is the eGFR in CKD stage 5?

  Less than 15
• What are the treatment options for CKD stage 5?

  Dialysis or kidney transplant
• How common is diabetes insipidus?

  Affects 1 in 25,000 people
• At what age can diabetes insipidus occur?

  It can occur at any age
• What causes diabetes insipidus?

  Hyposecretion of ADH
• What are the signs of diabetes insipidus?

  Excessive urination and extreme thirst
• What hormone is involved in diabetes insipidus?

  Arginine vasopressin (AVP)
• What does AVP regulate?

  Fluid balance in the body
• What is renal dialysis used for?

  Blood filtration of waste and excess water
• What are the types of dialysis?

  Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis
• When might dialysis be temporary?

  When kidney failure is temporary
• What is often needed for individuals with kidney failure?

  Kidney transplant
• What might some patients require due to health conditions?

  Lifelong dialysis
• What are the common renal conditions to study?

  • Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
  • Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
  • Pyelonephritis (Kidney Infection)
  • Kidney Failure
  • Diabetes Insipidus
  • Polycystic Kidneys
• What are the stages of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

  1. Stage 1: eGFR 90+ (mild damage)
  2. Stage 2: eGFR 60-89 (mild loss)
  3. Stage 3a: eGFR 45-59 (mild to moderate loss)
  4. Stage 3b: eGFR 30-44 (moderate to severe loss)
  5. Stage 4: eGFR 15-29 (severe loss)
  6. Stage 5: eGFR <15 (kidney failure)
• What are the risk factors for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

  • Diabetes
  • Hypertension
  • High cholesterol
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Medication
  • Blockage of urine