KP - 10 Metabolisme Karbohidrat

• Carbohydrate Metabolism is the process of interconversion of chemical components in the body that have their own pathway, mechanism, and molecules.
• The amount of energy metabolism required depends on age, body size, physical activity, intake, and source of energy.
• Children and adults require more energy.
• Metabolic pathways include Anabolic, Catabolic, and Amphibolic.
• Metabolic pathways also include TCA/Creb cycle, Endothermic and Exothermic reactions, Respiratory chain, and Glycolysis.
• Physical activity increases energy requirements.
• High intake at the time of eating can lead to obesity.
• Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are absorbed in the GIT.
• Carbohydrates are metabolized to glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.
• Glucose is metabolized to Acetyl Co-A through the Citric Acid Cycle.
• Red blood cells and brain cells consume 80% of the 200 g of glucose consumed by the body per hour, with only 10 grams of glucose circulating in the plasma and extracellular fluid.
• Hypoglycemia can cause disfunction of the brain (coma, confusion, disorientasi) if KGD < 2.5 mmol/L / 45 mg/dl.
• Glycogenesis is the process of creating glycogen from glucose since and during the intake of food.
• Glycogen is stored mostly in the heart, with the highest content in the liver.
• Glycogen is also stored in the muscle tissue.
• Glycogenesis occurs when there is an excess of glucose in the blood.
• Glycogenesis is inhibited when there is a lack of glucose in the blood.
• Glycogenesis is a process that occurs in the liver.
• Glycogenesis is a process that occurs in the muscle tissue.
• Glycogenesis is a process that occurs in the heart.
• Glycogenesis is a process that occurs in the brain.
• Glycogenesis is a process that occurs in the adipose tissue.
• Glycogenesis is a process that occurs in the starvation state.
• Glycogenesis is a process that occurs in the fed state.
• Glycogenesis is a process that occurs in the CNS.
• Glycogenesis is a process that occurs in the eri muscle tissue.
• Pantothenic acid → kandungan coenzim A mengesterifikasi asam carboxil → acetyl Co A + Succinyl Co A.
• Riboflavin → Flavin adenine dinukleotide (FAD) sebagai cofactor succinate dehydrogenase.
• Glucagon - Antara makan, puasa / kelaparan, diet rendah karbo.
• Pada otot, glukosa dari glycogenolysis digunakan untuk energi kontraksi dan responsif terhadap Ca 2+ intracelluler.
• Hepatic glycogenolysis - gluconeogenesis maintenance blood glucose.
• Hormon regulate Hepatic glycogenolysis - Tdd: Insulin, Glucagon, cortisol, Epinephrin (adrenalin).
• Glucagon - Sifat: short half life (5’)plasma, hasil dari reseptor binding, renal filtrasi & inaktivasi proteolitik di hati.
• Glucagon - Sekresi: α-cell pankreas - Fgs: mengaktifkan hepatic glycogenolysis mengatur KGD.
• Epinephrine - Sekresi: Adrenal medulla sistem cathecolamine reseptor α-β adrenergic - Fgs: Stimulasi glycogenolysis & menjaga KGD selama latihan, stress yang berkepanjangan.
• Thiamin (B1) → Thiamin diphosphate sebagai coenzym dekarboksilase α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
• Niacin → Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) sebagai electron akseptor isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, & malate dehydrogenase.
• Keterlibatan Vitamin ada TCA: a
• Gangguan siklus creb → menginhibisi oksidative decarboxilasi dari α-ketoglutarate → Pembentukan ATP terganggu + Hyperammonemia.
• Epinephrine meningkatkan fosforilasi → glycogenolysis hepatic.