Correlation

• What is investigator effect?

  this is when the person collecting the data has knowledge of what the research aim is / traits and that knowledge / those traits affect the data obtained.
• What is the difference between open and closed questions?

  closed offers pps with options to pick from - easily to display on graph

  Open allows pps to interpret the questions their way
• Examples of ethical issues

  Consent – Participants should be forewarned – a briefing.

  Protection from harm – at the end of participation all will have to be fully aware that they were rated for their social care interest and a low score might indicate they are ‘uncaring’.

  Right to withdraw – being made aware that they can at any time stop participating and at the end of their participation they can withdraw detail of their behaviour in the research.
• Example of a negative correlation

  
• What is a correlation?

  numerical relationship between 2 co-variables
• When is a non directional hypothesis necessary?

  When there is no reference to evidence that allows the researchers to predict the direction of the results
• how to write a non directional hypothesis?

  There is a relationship between X and Y.
• one problem of using a single trained observer to rate pps

  Researcher bias – using one observer means objectivity/reliability/validity cannot be checked
• Features of spearmans rho

  • correlation
  • related pairs
  • ordinal data
• What are the strengths and weakness of using correlation

  +ve= can study relationship between variables that occur naturally. Can measure things that cannot be manipulated experimentally. Can suggest trends that can lead to experiments.

  -ve= It is not possible to say that one thing causes another.
• How to test the reliability of a ability test

  -test retest

  -interinvestigator reliability- another researcher makes own test and compares results
• Design a experiment

  Design- independent groups, matched pairs or repeated measures

  Sampling- volunteer, opportuntity, stratified or

  Procedure and assessment of musical ability

  Debrief-
• Where is a directional hypothesis necessary?

  The decision to use a directional hypothesis was based on findings of previous research which pointed to an effect in a particular direction
• How to write a directional hypothesis

  There is a negative/positive correlation between X and Y
• What is reliability?

  The extent to which results or procedures are consistent or simply 'consistency
• What is a type 1 error?

  where the researcher rejects the null hypothesis (or accepts the research / alternative hypothesis) when in fact the effect is due to chance – often referred to as an error of optimists.