chi-squared test

• what is the symbol for chi-square?

  $x^2$
• criteria for using the chi-square test are:

  • DV = a nominal level of measurement
  • research design = independent measures
  • looking for an association or difference between the IV and DV
• chi square test formula:

  $x^2\ =$$\Sigma\frac{\left(O-E\right)^2}{E}$
• what does the 'O' stand for in the chi-square formula?

  observed frequency
• what does the 'E' stand for in the chi-square test formula?

  expected frequency
• what does it mean when the observed value is greater or equal to

  the critical value?

  the association = significant so null hypothesis = rejected + alternative accepted
• what does it mean when the critical value is greater than the observed value?

  the association = NOT significant so null hypothesis = accepted + alternative = rejected
• how to calculate degrees of freedom:

  • (no. of rows - 1)$\times$(no. of columns - 1)