Devpsych 1

• In Piaget's theory, there are four stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, Formal Operational Stage.
• Neonatal period: first four weeks of life.
• neonatal period

  time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence
• neonates -new born baby
• in the first few days, neonates

  lose 10 percent of their body

  weight because of loss of fluids
• They begin to gain weight again

  after five days and are generally

  back to its birth weight on the

  tenth to fourteenth day.
• new babies distinctive features.

  1. large head (1 of the body)
  2. receding chin
• neonate's head may be long

  and misshapen because of the

  molding that eased its passage

  through the mother's pelvis.
• This temporary molding occur

  because an infant's bones are not

  yet fused. They will not be

  completely joined for 18 months.
• the places on the head where the

  bones have not yet grown together

  -the fontanels, or soft spots -

  are covered by tough membrane.
• Before birth, blood circulation,

  respiration, nourishment, and

  elimination of waste are

  accomplished through the mother's

  body.
• After birth, the baby's functions

  and systems must operate on its

  own. Most of the work transitions

  happen on the first four to six

  hours after birth.
• The fetus and the mother have

  separate circulatory system and

  separate heartbeats.
• The fetus’ blood is cleansed

  through the umbilical cord,

  which carries used blood and

  returns fresh supply.
• A neonate's blood circulates

  within the body. The heartbeat

  is fast and irregular at first

  and blood pressure will not

  stabilize until the tenth day.
• The fetus gets oxygen through

  The umbilical cord which also

  takes away carbon dioxide.
• A newborn needs much more oxygen

  than before and now must get

  it alone. Most babies Start

  breathing as soon as they are

  exposed to air. If the baby does

  not begin breathing on the first

  five minutes, the baby may

  suffer permanent brain damage

  caused by anoxia or hypoxia.
• Anoxia - lack of oxygen
• hypoxia - reduced oxygen supply
• Because a fetus lungs have

  only one-tenth as many air sacks

  adults have, they are more likely

  to have respiratory problems.
• Anoxia or hypoxia occur during

  delivery because of

  repeated compression

  of placenta and umbilical cord

  with each contraction. This form

  of birth trauma can leave

  permanent brain damage such

  as mental retardation, behavior

  problem, or even death.
• In the uterus, the fetus relies

  on the umbilical cord to bring

  food from the mother and

  take away fetal body waste.
• At birth, babies instinctively

  suck to take in milk and their

  own gastrointestinal secretion digests

  if
• During the first few days,

  the baby secrete meconium,

  a stringy, greenish-black waste

  matter formed in the fetal

  intestinal tract
• when the bowels and bladders

  are full, the sphincter muscles

  automatically open; a baby will

  not be able to control it for

  many months.
• The layers of fat develop on

  the last two months of fetal

  life enable healthy full term

  baby to keep their body

  temperature constant after birth

  despite the change of air

  temperature. Newborn babies also

  maintain their body temperature

  by increasing body activity when

  the temperature drops
• Apgar scale

  -standard measurement of

  newborn's condition

  -it assesses appearances,

  pulse, grimace, activity and respiration
• Apgar scale happens one

  minute after delivery and then

  again five minutes after birth.
• for Apgar scale, a newborn is

  rated 0, 1, or 2 on each

  measures, for a maximum score

  of 10.
• If a newborn's score in Apgar

  scale is below 7, the baby needs

  help to establish breathing;

  a score below 4 means the

  baby needs immediate life saving

  treatment.
• Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral

  Assessment scale (NBAS) - a neurological and behavioral

  scale that assesses the neonate's

  responses to the environment.
• Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral

  Assessment scale (NBAS) - health care providers and

  researchers assess neonate's

  responsiveness to the physical and

  social environment to identify

  strengths and possible vulnerabilities

  in neurological functions, and to

  predict future development.
• Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral

  Assessment scale (NBAS)

  -assesses motor organization,

  as shown by such behavior as

  activity level and the ability to

  bring hand to the mouth
• Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral

  Assessment scale (NBAS)

  -assesses reflexes
• Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral

  Assessment scale (NBAS)

  -assesses state changes such

  as irritability, excitability, and

  ability to quiet down after being

  upset.
• Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral

  Assessment scale (NBAS)

  -assesses attention and

  interactive capacities, as shown in

  general alertness and response

  to auditory and visual stimuli
• Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral

  Assessment scale (NBAS)

  -assesses indications of

  central nervous system instability,

  such as tremors and change in

  skin color.
• The NBAS takes about 30 minutes

  and scores are based on the baby's

  best performance.
• State of Arousal

  -an infant's physiological and

  behavioral status at a given moment

  in the periodic daily cycle of

  wakefulness, sleep, and activity
• Babies have internal clock that regulates

  their daily cycles of eating, sleeping,

  elimination of waste, or even their

  moods.