Examination Review

• If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

  Stage 1, Trust vs Mistrust
• Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

  Stage 2, Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
• Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.

  Stage 3, Initiative vs Guilt
• Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

  Stage 4, Industry vs Inferiority
• Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single iden- tity, or they become confused about who they are.

  Stage 5, Identity vs Confusion
• Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

  Stage 6, Intimacy vs Isolation
• The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

  Stage 7, Generativity vs Stagnation
• When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

  Stage 8, Integrity vs Despair