Economy

• What was the significance of London in the 16th and 17th centuries?

  It grew as a major trade and shipbuilding center
• What percentage of the country's commerce passed through London in the 17th century?

  90 percent
• How were exploration and trade linked during the 16th century?

  London merchants initiated many voyages of discovery
• Who established the London-Antwerp trade route?

  Henry VII
• What was the purpose of the Navigation Act?

  To increase English shipping and seamanship
• What was the impact of enclosures on peasants?

  It deprived them of common lands for livestock
• How did Henry VII view overseas trade?

  As an extension of his power and wealth
• What treaty did Henry VII negotiate with France in 1486?

  A treaty removing restrictions on Franco-English trade
• What was the outcome of the treaty with France?

  Initially failed to deliver unrestricted trade
• What was Henry VII's goal in developing trade with Florence?

  To rival Venetian dominance in luxury goods
• What was the significance of the treaty signed in 1490 with Florence?

  Allowed English wool to be imported into Pisa
• How did the Venetian government respond to English trade competition?

  Lifted import duties on English goods
• What was the most important country for England's trade relations?

  Spain
• What was the outcome of the marriage negotiations between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon?

  Allowed for trade talks between England and Spain
• What was Henry's attitude towards financing exploration?

  He was cautious but supportive of exploration
• Who did Henry VII finance for voyages to the New World?

  John Cabot
• What was the result of Cabot's first voyage?

  It was not a success
• What was the primary commodity exported during Henry VII's reign?

  Woollen cloth
• What percentage of England's exports was woollen cloth?

  90 percent
• What were the main areas for woollen cloth production?

  West Riding of Yorkshire, East Anglia, West Country
• What were the drawbacks of relying on the wool trade?

  Trade could be disrupted by wars or plague
• What other commodities were exported during Henry VII's reign?

  Lead, tin, and some coal
• How did the wool trade affect social classes?

  It contributed to the middle-class/working-class divide
• What law was passed in the 1570s regarding wool caps?

  All Englishmen except nobles had to wear them
• What impact did foreign migrants have on the wool industry?

  They brought new technology but caused unrest
• What was a key factor for London's growth in trade and industry?

  Its strategic location for trade routes
• What happened to the merchants of the staple after Calais fell to the French?

  They had to find another trading location
• Why was the London to Antwerp Trade Route significant?

  It facilitated trade between England and Europe
• What were key developments in trade during the Tudor period?

  • Navigation Act
  • Enclosures
  • Expansion of exploration
  • Growth of the wool trade
• Why was the wool industry important in the sixteenth century?

  It was a major source of income and trade
• What economic challenges did Elizabeth I face during her reign?

  • Inflation and rising prices
  • Debts from previous wars
  • Poor harvests affecting food supply
• What economic hardships did Henry VIII's subjects face?

  Rising rents, unemployment, and inflation
• How did society change during Elizabeth I's reign?

  Increased social mobility and economic disparity
• What legislation did Thomas Wolsey's government pass?

  Forbade enclosure of common lands
• What was the public's reaction to Wolsey's policies?

  It led to unrest and occasional riots
• What was the Pilgrimage of Grace uprising primarily about?

  It involved religious and agrarian unrest
• What is the significance of the Navigation Act during the Tudor period?

  It regulated trade and shipping practices
• What does the term "enclosures" refer to in the context of Tudor trade?

  Consolidation of land for agricultural efficiency
• How did exploration contribute to trade during the Tudor period?

  It opened new markets and resources
• What is the primary question to answer regarding Elizabeth I's economic problems?

  What economic problems did Elizabeth face?