Understanding single-gene inheritance patterns

• What does Mendelian genetics refer to?

  Ideas about inheritance proposed by Gregor Mendel
• If a plant has the genotype AA, what will its phenotype be?

  Yellow peas
• How are traits passed from parents to offspring in Mendelian genetics?

  Through genes inherited from each parent
• How many copies of each gene do offspring inherit from their parents?

  One copy from each parent
• What is the principle of dominance?

  • One allele (dominant) masks the effect of another allele (recessive)
• What is the process called where pairs of alleles are separated when gametes are formed?

  • Segregation
• What is a monohybrid cross?

  • A genetic cross involving one pair of contrasting traits
  • Examines the inheritance of a single characteristic
  • Follows the 1st law of Mendel (Law of Segregation)
• What happens to chromosomes during meiosis?

  They separate and distribute alleles into gametes
• What are the key differences between the uppercase 'T' and lowercase 't' alleles in this monohybrid cross?

  • 'T' is the dominant allele, 't' is the recessive allele
  • Individuals with TT or Tt genotypes will have the dominant phenotype
  • Individuals with tt genotype will have the recessive phenotype
• What is the process called where pairs of alleles are separated when gametes are formed?

  Segregation
• What is the process called where pairs of alleles will be sorted independently of one another when gametes are formed?

  Independent Assortment
• What is the phenotype of the recessive (white) flower with the recessive (short) height?

  Recessive (white), Recessive (short)
• What is the process called where gametes combine to form zygotes with two copies of each gene?

  • Fertilisation
• What does the genotypic ratio describe?

  Underlying genetic combinations
• If an organism has the genotype Bb, what is its phenotype?

  Heterozygous
• What happens during the process of meiosis?

  Each gamete gets one copy of each gene (haploid)
• What is the relationship between genes and traits in Mendelian genetics?

  Genes determine the traits passed to offspring
• What determines the traits in Mendelian genetics?

  Genes
• What are the four possible genotypes shown in the Punnett square?

  TT, Tt, tT, tt
• If both parents are heterozygous (Tt), what genotypes can their offspring have?

  TT, Tt, tt
• How do you use a Punnett square to analyze a monohybrid cross?

  • Represent the possible genotypes of the parents
  • Determine the possible genotypes of the offspring
  • Calculate the probability of each genotype and phenotype
• What is the genotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross of TT x tt?

  • Genotypic ratio:
  • $\frac{1}{4}$ TT
  • $\frac{2}{4}$ Tt
  • $\frac{1}{4}$ tt
• What is the relationship between the dominant and recessive alleles shown in the image?

  Dominant alleles are represented by uppercase letters, while recessive alleles are represented by lowercase letters
• What does independent assortment refer to?

  Different allele pairs sort independently of each other
• How do segregation and independent assortment contribute to genetic diversity?

  • Segregation allows for one allele per gamete
  • Independent assortment mixes different allele pairs
  • Results in varied combinations of traits in offspring
• How do you use a Punnett square to analyze a monohybrid cross?

  • Represent the possible genotypes of the parents
  • Determine the possible genotypes of the offspring
  • Calculate the probability of each genotype and phenotype
• What are the four possible genotypes shown in the Punnett square?

  TT, Tt, tT, tt
• How do the genotypes BB, Bb, and bb differ in terms of their phenotypes?

  BB is homozygous dominant, Bb is heterozygous, and bb is homozygous recessive
• What is the relationship between the genotype and phenotype shown in the Punnett square?

  • Dominant allele (B) determines the phenotype
  • Recessive allele (b) is only expressed in the homozygous recessive genotype (bb)
• What do the letters B and b represent in the Punnett square?

  • B represents the dominant allele
  • b represents the recessive allele
• What phenotype will a plant with genotype aa exhibit?

  Green peas
• What are the genotypes and phenotypes in monohybrid inheritance for pea color?

  • Genotype AA: Dominant, Yellow
  • Genotype Aa: Dominant, Yellow
  • Genotype aa: Recessive, Green
• What is the outcome when gametes combine during fertilization?

  It leads to different combinations of traits in offspring
• What is the appearance of homozygous organisms?

  Pure breed
• What is segregation in genetics?

  Alleles separate so each gamete gets one version
• What does a Punnett square show?

  All possible combinations of alleles
• What is the relationship between the genotype and phenotype shown in the Punnett square?

  • Dominant allele (B) determines the phenotype
  • Recessive allele (b) is only expressed in the homozygous recessive genotype (bb)
• What does a monohybrid cross involve?

  Inheritance of a single trait
• What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

  To predict offspring genotypes
• What is the title of the study material shown in the image?

  Monohybrid Cross