Midterm #1

• Prokaryotes consist of eubacteria and archaebacteria.
• Eubacteria have no membrane-enclosed organelles, nucleus, or cytoskeleton.
• Eubacteria have cell walls with peptidoglycan.
• Some eubacteria use photosynthesis.
• Archaebacteria survive in harsher environments.
• Archaebacteria have no membrane-enclosed organelles, nucleus or cytoskeleton.
• Archaebacteria have cell walls without peptidoglycan.
• Archaebacteria can be aerobic or anaerobic.
• Archaebacteria are largely methanogenic.
• Aerobic organisms require oxygen.
• Anaerobic organisms don't require oxygen.
• Methanogenic organisms produce methane.
• Archaebacteria can be halophiles, meaning they enjoy environments with high salinity.
• Archaebacteria can be thermophiles and psychrophiles. Thermophiles thrive in high temperature environments. Psychrophiles thrive in low temperature environments.
• Archaebacteria can be acidophiles and alkaliphiles. Acidophiles thrive in low pH environments. Alkaliphiles thrive in high pH environments.
• Archaebacteria can be barophiles, meaning they thrive in high pressure environments.
• Eukaryotes consist of fungi, plantae (Metaphyta), protista, and animalia (Metazoa).
• Fungi are heterotrophic, multicellular organisms. Examples of which are molds, mushrooms and yeasts.
• Plantae are photosynthetic, autotrophic, multicellular organisms. Examples of which are some algae, bryophytes, and vascular plants.
• Protista are single-celled microorganisms. Examples of which are some algae, euglenids, diatoms, ciliates, and amoebae.
• Autotrophic organisms fabricate their own nutrients.
• Photosynthesis requires sunlight, water, and CO2 to occur.
• Heterotrophic organisms derive their nutrients from outside sources.
• Animalia are ingestive, heterotrophic, multicellular organisms.
• Marine habitats are the most stable and least stressful habitats for organisms.
• Planet Earth is covered 71% by salt water.
• Oceans reduce physical and chemical stresses.
• Ocean's high heat capacity acts as a thermal buffer to reduce stresses.
• Ocean's relatively stable salinity helps with buoyancy to reduce stresses.
• The rudimentary circulation mechanisms are:

  • Protoplasm + diffusion
  • Water from the environment
  • Body fluids + intracellular fluids
• Circulatory systems are systems of moving fluids that reduce the distance that nutrients, gases, and metabolic waste must travel.
• Closed circulatory systems isolate the blood and interstitial fluids, keeping them separate.
• Open circulatory systems allow for the mixing of blood and interstitial fluid to make hemolymph.
• Gas exchange is the uptake of oxygen and loss of carbon dioxide.
• The respiratory pigments are: hemoglobin and hemocyanin.
• Cutaneous gas exchange occurs across the skin of an organism.
• Oceanography is the act of recording and describing the ocean.
• Oceanology is the scientific study of the oceans.
• Oceanology includes:

  • Investigating
  • Interpreting
  • Modeling
• The 3 broad stages of oceanography are:

  • Exploration of oceans and landmasses boundaries
  • Early scientific investigations of the oceans
  • Modern oceanography (technology + collaborations)