biology unit 1

• Lysosomes are small organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down complex molecules taken in by cells, such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
• Vacuoles and vesicles are structures that can be used to store or transport materials into and out of the cell. They are both membrane-enclosed structures.
• The network of protein filaments that support the structure of the cell is called the cytoskeleton. Some of their components also contribute to internal transport and cell movement.
• Centrioles are sets of microtubules that help to organize cell division in animal cells. They are hollow structures composed of protein.
• Mitochondria convert the chemical energy in molecules of food to other forms that the cell can use more easily.
• Chloroplasts convert solar energy into chemical energy that is stored as food through the process of photosynthesis.
• The cell membrane is made of a double-layered sheet called a lipid bilayer. This strong, yet flexible, sheet controls what enters and leaves the cell. All cells have a cell membrane.
• • fungi Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotroph, mainly feeds through absorption, some pathogenic, cell walls made of chitin, ex. Mushroom, yeast, bread, mold, lichen.
• phylum - related to phyla, make up a kingdom, contains various classes within phyla
• Eubacteria - Prokaryotic, bacteria, most live in aerobic oxygen environments like humans, in our gut, strep, staph infections, walls made of peptidoglycan
• Plasmid is a small circular double-stranded DNA molecule that is found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms
• Genus - make up a related family and made up of species
• domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species
• characteristics of life - cells and cell structure, genetic information, metabolism, homeostasis, growth and develop, reproduction, respond to stimulus, adaptation.
• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not 
• Domains - Archaea, bacteria, eukarya
• Kingdoms - Eubacteria, archaebacteria, protists, fungi, Animalia, planta
• Level of organization order - atom - molecule- cell - tissue - organ -system - organism - ecosystem
• Biodiversity is all the different kinds of life you'll find in one area.
• when Earth was first formed there was no atmosphere. Based on the experiment they found that with electricity you can eventually break up the inorganic molecules and create organic compounds 
• 1. Carl Linnaeus was born on May 23rd, 1707 he was a Swedish scientist who laid the foundations of modern taxonomy the science of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms.
• most cells have a cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA
• Alternation of generation of plants is when they are asexual for one generation and sexual the nect as a stratagie to keep from going extinct 
• Pseuoopods are how amoeba eat. They absorb their food with them. 
• Every eukaryote had more than one chromosome in their nucleus
• ADP - Adenosine diphosphate is a biological molecule consisting of one adenine, one sugar, and two phosphates. Its most important role is that it is combined with a phosphate molecule to make ATP, the premier energy molecule in living cells.
• Alcohol fermentation - a biological method wherein the sugar gets transformed into carbon dioxide and alcohol. Oxygen is not a prerequisite, hence is an anaerobic process and is typically carried out by yeasts.
• Lactic Acid Fermentation - a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy, and the metabolite lactate
• anaerobic respiration -  type of cellular respiration does not use oxygen to produce energy.
• Cholesterol -  a waxy substance found in your blood. Your body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells, but high levels of cholesterol can increase your risk of heart disease.
• Aerobic respiration is a biological process in which food glucose is converted into energy in the presence of oxygen. 
• photosynthesis - six carbon dioxide molecules and six water molecules, are converted by light energy captured by chlorophyll into a sugar molecule and six oxygen molecules
• a concentration gradient is the difference in concentration of a substance from one point to another
• A hypertonic solution is any external solution that has a high solute concentration and low water concentration compared to body fluids.
• A hypotonic solution is a solution that has a lower concentration of solute compared to the cell
• An isotonic solution is any external solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration compared to body fluids. 
• vesicle - a membranous and usually fluid-filled pouch (such as a cyst, vacuole, or cell) in a plant or animal. 
• The sodium–potassium pump is an enzyme found in the membrane of all animal cells. It performs several functions in cell physiology. For every ATP molecule that the pump uses, three sodium ions are exported and two potassium ions are imported.
• Facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. It is a selective process, i.e., the membrane allows only selective molecules and ions to pass through it. It, however, prevents other molecules from passing through the membrane.
• Diffusion is the net movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical potential.