Clinical Bacteriology

• Microbiology - study of living things that cannot be seen by the naked eye.
• Micro - not visible to the naked eye.
• Bio - life.
• Logy - study.
• Discovery of microorganisms:

  • Lucretius
  • Girolamo Fracastoro
  • Franncesco stelluti
  • Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
• Girolamo Fracastoro - disease were caused by invisible living creatures.
• Francesco stelluti - earliest microscope observation.
• Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek - constructed a simple microscope using doubel convex lens.
• Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek - magnified 50-300x; animalcules.
• Spontaneous generation conflict - living organisms could develop from non-living matters.
• What is recipe for mice?

  Dirty shirt + wheat + 21 days
• Francisco Redi - place meat in 3 containers.
• One uncovered = with maggots.
• One covered with paper (closed) = no maggots.
• One covered with gauze (cheesecloth) = maggots on gauze.
• John needham - used boiled mutton broth, placed them in flasks and covered them tightly.

  • Broth became cloudy and contained microorganisms.
  • Organic matter contained vital force that confers life to non-living matter.
  • Microorganism could be produced with nature.
• Lazaro Spallanani - improved Needham's experiment.

  • Heated sealed flasks containing water and seeds then placed in boiling water for 3/4 of an hour.
  • No growth as long as seal stays in place.
  • Air carried germs to the medium.
• Theodore Schwann - allowed air to passed through a red-hot tube to enter a sterile medium; no growth.
• Georg Freidrich Schroder and Theodore Dusch - allowed air to enter a sterile medium by passing through a sterile cotton wool.
• Felic Pouchet - in 1859, he was able to grow microorganisms without air contamination.
• Rudolph Virchow - introduced biogenesis; cells arise from pre-existing cells.
• Louis Pasteur - discovered the theory of spontaneous generation and improved the wine industry.
• What are the other contributions of Louis Pasteur?

  • Developed anthrax vaccine.
  • Rabies vaccine.
  • Fermentation/pasteurization.
• John Tyndall - made a specially designed box, after allowing the dust particles to settle, he carefully placed the tubes of sterile infusions in the box, as long as the dust not distributed. The infusion was sterile.
• Tyndall effect - pathway of light is seen through air because it is refracted by dust particles.
• What are the other contributions of John tyndall?

  • Endospores.
  • Tyndallization.
  • Fractional distillation.
• Tyndallization - form of sterilization for 3 consecutive days.
• Diseases were caused by:

  • Invisible microorganisms.
  • Supernatural forces.
  • Miasma - poisonous vapor.
  • Imbalances in 4 humors: Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.
• Agostino bassi - first showed a microorganisms can cause disease.

  • 1835 - silkworm disease was caused by fungus (killing silkworms)
• M.J Berkeley - the great potato blight in Ireland is caused by a fungus.
• Joseph lister

  • Father of Antisepsis
  • Antiseptic surgery
  • Used of sterilized instruments and phenol
• Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis - demonstrated the transmission of childbed fever.
• Puerperal fever was septic and contagious.
• Semmelweis ordered students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime before examining patient reduced the maternal mortality rate from 12.24 to 1.27 in two years.
• Robert Koch - Father of Bacteriologic Technique.
• Robert Koch - formulated germ theory.
• Robert Koch - cause and effect.
• What are the contributions of Robert Koch?

  • Anthrax.
  • Cholera.
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Pure culture using agar (with Fannie Eilshemus Heese)
• Richard petri - developed petri dish.
• Charles Chamberland - constructed a porcelain bacterial filter.