Memory (AO1)

• The sensory register is modality specific (depends on the sense being used)
• What is the capacity of the sensory register? Unlimited
• What is the duration of the sensory register? Limited- less than 0.5 scs (250 milliseconds)
• What is the capacity of the STM? 5-9 items
• What is the duration of the STM? Limited- 18-30 seconds
• What is capacity of the LTM? unlimited capacity
• Who conducted the research study for the coding of STM and LTM?

  Baddeley
• What was Baddeley's aim?

  to investigate how we code info in our STM/LTM
• What was Baddeley's procedure and findings?

  Participants shown 4 lists of words that were:*accoustically similar/dissimilar*semantically similair/dissimilarIMMEDIATELY after each presentation, ppts were asked to recall words in correct orderFindings: more mistakes made on acoustically/semantically similar list
• Who conducted research for the capacity of STM?

  Miller
• What was Miller's procedure?

  *Used digit span technique*ppts given strings of unrelated digits that increased by 1 every time.*digit span was measured until they could no longer recall digits
• What were Miller's findings?

  *ppts recall 5-9 items*more could be recalled if items were chunked
• Who conducted research for duration of STM?

  Peterson and Peterson
• What was the sample of research into duration of STM?

  24 undergraduate students
• What was the procedures for research for duration of STM?

  *ppts given consonant trigram to remember*then given 3 digit number to remember asked 2 count backwards (prevent rehearsal)*they stopped at diff intervals, and asked to recall trigram
• What were the findings for duration of STM?

  *after 3scs- 80% recalled trigram after 18scscs-fewer than 10% recalled correctly
• Who conducted research into duration of LTM?

  Bahrick
• What was the sample for research into duration of LTM?

  392 American high school graduates aged 17-74
• What was the procedure for research into duration of LTM?

  *tested ppts on memory of former classmates*condition 1- recall classmates names using photo yearbook*condition 2- recall with no photo cue
• What were the findings for research into duration of LTM?

  Condition 1- 70% recalled accurately after 48 years Condition 2- 30% recalled accurately after 48 years
• What was the conclusion of research into duration of LTM?

  *certain types of info can last lifetime, especially with correct cues
• Who created the cognitive interview?

  Fisher and Geiselman
• Recall from a changed perspective


  *recall event from another persons POV who witnessed itimprove: prevent witnesses saying what they EXPECTED to happen
• Recall in reverse

  *describe wat happened in diff chronological orderimprove: prevents them from saying what they expected to happen, prevents dishonesty
• context reinstatement


  *place themselves back at the scene of event, imagine environment like weather, visuals, and their emotions improve: using context and state dependent cues may help to trigger memories of event
• Recall Everything (RE)


  *recall all details of event even if t seems irrelevanthow it improves ewt: might act as a trigger to a mem and additional info
• Memory conformity


  witnesses go along with ecahother to either win approval NSI or bcs they think theyre wrong and witness is right ISI. Memory remains unchanged but accuracy affected
• Memory contamination


  *co-witnesses discuss crime and EWT may become distored bcs they combined misinfo from others with their own mems making their memories change.
• What was Loftus and Palmer's findings?

  ppts guessed higher speeds when smashed- (40.5mph)contacted (31.8)
• What was Loftus and Palmer's procedure?

  *participants shown a video of a car crash and each group asked leading q wiith diff verb (smashed, hit collided, bumped, contacted)
• What was Loftus and Palmer's sample?

  45 american students split into 5 groups of 9
• Who conducted misleading questions experiment?

  Loftus and Palmer
• What is the type of forgetting that makes you forget because of lack of internal cues

  State dependent forgetting
• Contextual dependant forgetting

  *forgetting occurs because of lack of external cues to trigger recall*environment diff at recall diff to the onewhen info was coded
• Episodic Buffer


  *collects and combines info from CE,PL and VSS to record an event.*transfers info to LTM8
• What is the VSS subdivided into

  visual cache- stores visusal data inner scribe-records arsrangment of object
• Visuo-spatial sketchpad


  *sets up mental images*temporarily stores visual and spatial info
• Phonological loop

  *phonologicasl store- stores info we hear*articulary loop-rehearses words that have been seen or heard to keep them in the stm*codes accoustically and limited capacity
• What is the central executive?

  *Attentional process that monitors incoming data. *Decides what needs to be done and delegates task to corresponding slave system. *Can code any type of info*takes ovver demanding task if neccessary*new task that requires concentration overloads it
• How did Baddeley and Hitch describe WMM


  *proposed that STM wasnt a seperate unitary store but several different stores that are:'all connect but work indepently*views memory is active rather than passive