Chapter 1

• Psychology - The study of the mind and soul. The systematic study of behavior and experience.
• Psychology includes research on: sensation and perception, learning and memory, hunger and thirst, sleep, attention, child development
• Free Will - The belief that behavior is caused by a person's independent decisions. 


  Determinism - The idea that everything that happens has a cause, or determinant, that someone could observe or measure.
• Nature - Genetics


  Nurture - Environment
• Wilhelm Wundt - "Father" of Psychology, German, opened first laboratory, first one to set forth that psychology is a science
• Structuralism (E.B. Titchener, student of Wundt) - theory that there is a structure (chemical, portion of brain, etc.) that determines how we feel and what we do.
• William James - First American Psychologist, wrote the first textbook
• Functionalism (William James) - theory focused on the way consciousness helps people adapt to their environment. 


  The steps people take to leave their environment or situations.
• "Psychoanalytic Perspective" (Sigmund Freud) - first complete theory of personality. Theory that behavior comes from unconscious drives and conflicts.
• Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (Darwin) - the way we are now is not the way we'll be in 20 years. 


  Darwin claimed that humans and animals shared a common ancestor.
• Ivan Pavlov - studied animal learning, inspired a push toward observed behavior instead of self-examination


  Classical Conditioning - the Pavlov dog experiment. You've been trained to expect something.
• Behaviorism (John B. Watson) - the study of observable and objective acts and how people learn
• B.F. Skinner - Combined idea of observable behavior and unseen mental processes
• Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory - behavior has an instinctive sexual drive or cause. If something isn't fulfilled in early development then it will manifest in adulthood. 


  id - the impulsive want

  ego - takes into account the both types and tries to balance them

  superego - moral compass guided by the environment
• Basic Research - increases knowledge and understanding, isn't used to solve a problem, building block for further research


  Example: observation, survey, interview, gathering data
• Applied Research - based on basic research, uses drugs, treatments, and procedures to solve a problem. 


  Research is done using animals, computer models, or humans