Cognitive Approach

• What are internal mental processes according to the Cognitive Approach?

  Perception, attention, memory, language
• How do internal mental processes help us understand behavior?

  They work together to make sense of the world
• What does the computer analogy suggest about the mind?

  The mind processes information like a computer
• What are the three stages of the computer analogy?

  Input, process, output
• In the computer analogy, what does hardware represent?

  The brain
• In the computer analogy, what does software represent?

  Cognitive processes
• What does the multi-store model by Atkinson & Shiffrin illustrate?

  Information processing like a computer
• What is a schema?

  A collection of ideas
• How do schemas influence our perceptions?

  They can be positive or negative
• What could negative schemas lead to according to Beck?

  Symptoms of depression
• what are the 3 cognitive assumptions?

  Internal mental processes

  computer analogy

  schemas
• What does CBT stand for?

  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• What type of therapy is CBT?

  Short term psychotherapy
• How often do clients meet with their therapist in CBT?

  Once a week
• What two principles does CBT utilize?

  Cognitive psychology and behaviorist principles
• Who developed the cognitive theory used in CBT?

  Aaron Beck
• What negative view do depressed individuals have according to Beck's theory?

  A negative schema of the world and future
• What are the three ways to challenge the negative triad in CBT?

  1. Dysfunctional thought diary
  2. Cognitive restructuring
  3. Pleasant activity scheduling
• What is the purpose of a dysfunctional thought diary?

  To record and rate dysfunctional thoughts
• How do clients rate their belief in dysfunctional thoughts?

  From 0 to 100%
• What is cognitive restructuring in CBT?

  Challenging dysfunctional thoughts during therapy
• What type of experiments might clients participate in during cognitive restructuring?

  Behavioral experiments
• What is the goal of pleasant activity scheduling?

  To plan daily pleasant activities
• How does pleasant activity scheduling help clients?

  It provides a sense of accomplishment
• What are the key components of CBT?

  • Short term psychotherapy
  • Weekly sessions
  • Combination of cognitive and behaviorist principles
  • Focus on challenging negative thoughts
• CBT - evaluation of effectiveness (-) NOT effective

  • Hollon et al- no difference in CBT when compared to different drug. 107 patients over 12 weeks. CBT not superior to anti-depressants.
  • Kuyken & Tsivrikos - 15% of varience of outcomes of CBT effectiveness may attribute to therapist competence.
  • Simons et al - CBTb less suitable for people with high levels of irrational beliefs or realistic stressors, e.g. chronic illness
• CBT evaluation of effectiveness (+)

  (+) Jarrett et al - CBT equally effective as some anti-depressants. 108 patients with depression over 10 weeks.

  (+) CBT empowers client to develop coping strategies. Gives them free will to get better
• CBT evaluation of ethical issues

  • Psychological harm

  (-) patient blame. Therapy assumes client is responsible for their disorder. situational factors overlooked.

  (-) not all negative thoughts are irrational- Alloy & Abrahamson, depressive realists see things for what they are. sadder but wiser effect
• assumption applied to relationships

  S- Behaviour is a result of schemas

  E- Schema= collection of ideas, make sense of the world

  L- schemas about ourselves influence who we choose to have a relationship with.

  E- Matching hypothesis - attracted to those who we feel match us in terms of physical attractiveness
• What type of therapy is Cognitive-CBT?

  Short-term psychotherapy
• How often are sessions held in Cognitive-CBT?

  Once a week
• What is given to clients between sessions in Cognitive-CBT?

  Homework tasks
• What does Cognitive-CBT use to change thoughts?

  Cognitive psychology
• What principle does Cognitive-CBT emphasize?

  Behavioral principles
• What does the therapist help the client identify in Cognitive-CBT?

  Negative thoughts contributing to problems
• What must clients work on outside of therapy in Cognitive-CBT?

  Various things to aid recovery
• What does faulty thinking refer to in Cognitive-CBT?

  Negative thought patterns
• What do depressed people often have according to Cognitive-CBT?

  Negative schemas
• How many ways does Beck recommend to challenge negative thoughts?

  Three ways
• What are the three ways Beck recommends to challenge negative thoughts?

  1. Dysfunctional thought diary (homework)
  2. Client records events leading to unpleasant emotions
  3. Record automatic dysfunctional thoughts associated with these events