2.1- Biological theories of criminality

Cards (29)

  • What is the focus of biological theories of criminality?
    Physical characteristics and genetic factors
  • What does genetic theory suggest about criminal tendencies?
    They can be inherited and are genetic
  • How many chromosomes do humans usually have?
    46 chromosomes
  • Which chromosomes determine female gender?
    XX chromosomes
  • Which chromosomes determine male gender?
    XY chromosomes
  • What does the XYY theory suggest?
    Some crimes may be due to chromosomal abnormality
  • What is a notable case linked to the XYY theory?
    John Wayne Gacy
  • What did police find in John Wayne Gacy's house?
    29 bodies of boys and young men
  • What was Gacy diagnosed with, and how did the jury respond?
    Schizophrenia, but it was rejected
  • What did Hutchings and Mednick find about adopted boys?
    They resembled their convicted biological parents
  • What did Mednick et al. (1994) find regarding adoptive parents?
    No relationship with adopted children's convictions
  • What do physiological theories focus on?
    A person's physical form as an indicator
  • Who is known as the 'Father of Modern Criminology'?
    Cesare Lombroso
  • What did Lombroso argue about criminals?
    They are a separate species between modern and primitive
  • What are atavistic features according to Lombroso?
    Primitive physical characteristics linked to crime
  • What percentage of criminal acts could be accounted for by atavistic characteristics?
    40%
  • What are the three somatotypes proposed by William Sheldon?
    Endomorphic, ectomorphic, mesomorphic
  • What is the characteristic of mesomorphic individuals?
    Muscular and hard, more aggressive
  • What brain area is linked to impulsive behavior?
    Pre-frontal cortex
  • What did Raine et al. (1994) study using PET scans?
    Brains of impulsive killers
  • What happened to Phineas Gage in his accident?
    An iron rod went through his head
  • How did Gage's personality change after his accident?
    He became extravagant and anti-social
  • What is linked to higher aggression according to neurochemical studies?
    Low levels of serotonin
  • What foods can raise serotonin levels?
    Dark chocolate, cheese, nuts
  • What is 'roid rage' linked to?
    Increased testosterone levels from steroids
  • What brain diseases have been linked to anti-social behavior?
    Senile dementia and Huntington’s chorea
  • What hormonal changes during puberty can affect behavior?
    Outbursts of anger and frustration
  • How do testosterone levels relate to crime rates in males?
    They peak during puberty and early 20s
  • What are some female conditions accepted as partial defenses for crimes?
    Pre-menstrual tension and post-natal depression