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Criminology Unit 2
2.1- Biological theories of criminality
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Cards (29)
What is the focus of biological theories of criminality?
Physical
characteristics
and
genetic
factors
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What does genetic theory suggest about criminal tendencies?
They can be inherited and are genetic
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How many chromosomes do humans usually have?
46
chromosomes
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Which chromosomes determine female gender?
XX
chromosomes
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Which chromosomes determine male gender?
XY
chromosomes
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What does the XYY theory suggest?
Some crimes may be due to
chromosomal
abnormality
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What is a notable case linked to the XYY theory?
John Wayne Gacy
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What did police find in John Wayne Gacy's house?
29
bodies of boys and young men
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What was Gacy diagnosed with, and how did the jury respond?
Schizophrenia
, but it was rejected
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What did Hutchings and Mednick find about adopted boys?
They resembled their
convicted
biological
parents
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What did Mednick et al. (1994) find regarding adoptive parents?
No
relationship
with adopted
children's
convictions
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What do physiological theories focus on?
A person's
physical
form as an indicator
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Who is known as the 'Father of Modern Criminology'?
Cesare Lombroso
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What did Lombroso argue about criminals?
They are a separate
species
between modern and primitive
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What are atavistic features according to Lombroso?
Primitive
physical
characteristics
linked to
crime
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What percentage of criminal acts could be accounted for by atavistic characteristics?
40%
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What are the three somatotypes proposed by William Sheldon?
Endomorphic
,
ectomorphic
,
mesomorphic
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What is the characteristic of mesomorphic individuals?
Muscular and hard, more
aggressive
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What brain area is linked to impulsive behavior?
Pre-frontal cortex
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What did Raine et al. (1994) study using PET scans?
Brains of
impulsive killers
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What happened to Phineas Gage in his accident?
An
iron rod
went through his head
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How did Gage's personality change after his accident?
He became
extravagant
and anti-social
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What is linked to higher aggression according to neurochemical studies?
Low levels of
serotonin
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What foods can raise serotonin levels?
Dark chocolate
, cheese, nuts
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What is 'roid rage' linked to?
Increased
testosterone
levels from steroids
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What brain diseases have been linked to anti-social behavior?
Senile dementia
and
Huntington’s chorea
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What hormonal changes during puberty can affect behavior?
Outbursts
of anger and frustration
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How do testosterone levels relate to crime rates in males?
They peak during
puberty
and
early 20s
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What are some female conditions accepted as partial defenses for crimes?
Pre-menstrual
tension and
post-natal
depression
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