Bio unit test

• Darwin?


  Theory of evolution and origin of species. Presupposed mechanism of transmission of adaptions
• Mendel?

  Law of segregation and law of independent assortment. Published discrete and combinatorial traits of inheritance. Traits are carried by discrete subunits called genes
• Walter Fleming?

  German biologist who stained cells and discovered rod shaped bodies. Discovered chromosome
• Frederick Griffith?

  Discovered that their is no infection when heated and infections occurs when new DNA is present. Discovered transforming principle saying that, "something" is shared
• Erwin Chargaff?

  4 nucleotides found in nucleic acid but not in equal amounts. Nucleic acid consists of subunits
• Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase?

  80% of DNA goes into cell but 80% of viral protein remains outside. DNA rather than proteins carries genetic information
• Rosalind Franklin?

  used x-ray crystallography and discovered structure of DNA
• Watson and Crick?

  used Rosalind's idea and discovered purines and pyrimidines and covalent bonds. Got the nobel prize and found that DNA can replicate because there are two strands
• Meselson and Stahl?

  discovered that DNA goes through semiconservative replication
• A-T makes how many bonds?

  2 hydrogen bonds; more infections
• C-G makes how many bonds?

  3 hydrogen bonds
• DNA has?

  deoxyribose sugar and thymine base
• RNA has?

  Uracil and Ribose sugar
• Purines?

  double ring structure and has adenine and guanine
• Pyrimidines?

  has a single ring structure and consists of cytosine, uracil and thymine
• smallest sub-unit is?

  nucleotide consists of nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate
• A nucleotide is the smallest subunit of either DNA or RNA
• 5 prime end has a?

  phosphate
• 3 prime end has a?

  hydroxyl
• Frederick Griffith's experiment?


  Discovered that there are no infections when heated and discovered two strains of bacterium one pathogenic and one harmless. Pathogenic is "s" cell and harmless "r" cell.
• Frederick griffith discovered what principle?

  Transforming principle stating that "something" is shared
• Alfred Hershey and Martha chase?

  80% of DNA goes into cell and 80% of viral protein does not. Used T2 bacteriophage and E.coli
• Meselson and Stahl?

  Discovered semiconservative replication and found that DNA does not replicate dispersively of conservatively. Used heavy and light nitrogen
• what is conservative replication?

  Both original strands remain
• what is semiconservative replication?

  One original strand remains
• what is dispersive replication?

  Explosion of DNA
• Prokaryotic cells replication seen in E.coli has?

  one replication fork and a replication bubble and the final product is two identical daughter DNA molecules
• Eukaryotic replication?

  has many replications forks and bubbles because long DNA strand
• Topoisomerase/Gyrase?

  prevents supercoiling of DNA by correcting over winding by breaking, swiveling and rejoining DNA strands. Does this by Nicking and resealing DNA
• Supercoiling results from a?


  tight coil that can not be replicated
• Helicase?

  Unwinds double helix and breaks hydrogen bonds
• Single stranded binding proteins?

  Bind to uncoiled DNA and keep it open
• Primer?

  Short sequence of RNA complementary to the template strand and adds primers to 3 prime end where DNA is synthesized
• Primase?

  enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers
• RNA Polymerase?

  Synthesizes RNA primers on leading strand
• Leading strand?

  synthesized continuously
• Lagging strand?

  synthesized discontinuously and has Okazaki Fragments
• Leading strand is synthesized?

  toward replication fork
• Lagging strand is synthesized?

  away from replication fork
• DNA Polymerase 3?

  "builder" adds complementary nucleotides to template strand and to the 3 prime end