science ⋆˙⟡♡

• DNA bases ( a-c g-t )
• dna stand is a double helix structure
• the dna base is made out of phosphate, sugar and a base
• mrna bases ( a - u c - g )
• cell membrane- controls what goes in and out of a cell
• nucleus - contains dna
• cytoplasm- where chemical reactions take place
• mitochondria - aerobic reactions
• ribosome- reads mrna and makes Animo acids and they join together in a triplet code and make protein this process is called protein synthesis.
• chloroplast- contains chlorophyl and carries out photosynthesis.
• vacuole- cell sap and suports the cell
• plasmid- loop of extra dna in prokaryotic cells
• cell wall- strengthens cell
• eukaryotic - cells with a nucleus, eg plant and animal cells
• prokaryotic - cells without a nucleus eg bacteria
• humans have 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs
• genome- whole genetic material of an organism
• phenotype - genes for physical appearance
• variant - a different gene caused by mutation
• male - xy
• female - xx
• genetic modification - takes an unhealthy gene and replaces it with a healthier one
• heterozygous- two different alleles (Hh)
• homozygous - two same alleles (HH)
• dominant allele (H)
• recessive allele (h)
• ionising radiation - radiation strong enough that it can remove electrons from atoms and turn them into ions.
• exothermic -more energy being released then absorbed. the surroundings will be warmer
• endothermic - more energy being absorbed then it releases, the surrounds will often be colder
• electromagnetic spectrum - radio, micro, infrared, visible, ultra violet, x rays, gamma.
• transverse waves - right angel disturbances in a wave
• longitudinal waves- parallel disturbances ( sound waves)
• electromagnetic waves are all transverse ways
• refraction- light bending and slowing down as it hits high dense glass.
• in reflection there is - line of incidence, angel of incidence, normal line, angel of reflection and line of reflection
• the angel of incidence and reflection are always equal.
• amplitude- hight of wave from line to peak
• wave length - the distance of a wave
• frequency- the amount of times a wave passes a point
• humans can hear 20 hz to 20,000 hz above that is ultra sonund