cultural deprivation

• What is a subculture?

  A group with different attitudes and values
• Who argues that working-class subculture has four key features?

  Barry Sugarman
• What are the four key features of working-class subculture according to Sugarman?

  • Fatalism
  • Collectivism
  • Immediate gratification
  • Present-time orientation
• What does fatalism mean in the context of working-class subculture?

  Belief that fate determines one's status
• How does collectivism in working-class culture differ from middle-class values?

  Collectivism values group over individual success
• What is immediate gratification?

  Seeking pleasure now rather than later
• How does present-time orientation affect working-class children's future planning?

  They prioritize the present over future goals
• Why do differences in values between working-class and middle-class exist according to Sugarman?


  Middle-class jobs offer secure career prospects
• How do job security and career structure affect working-class values?

  Less secure jobs discourage long-term planning
• What is a characteristic of working-class jobs compared to middle-class jobs?

  They have fewer promotion opportunities
• What role does language play in education?

  It affects cognitive development and schooling
• How does parental language use affect children's cognitive performance?

  Challenging language improves cognitive performance
• Who found that qualified parents use challenging language?

  Hubbs-Tait et al (2002)
• What is the relationship between parental qualifications and language use?

  More qualified parents use challenging language
• How does praise from parents influence children?

  It encourages a sense of competence
• What do cultural deprivation theorists claim about working-class language?

  It is deficient for educational success
• What do Troyna and Williams (1986) argue about children's language?

  The problem lies in the school's attitude
• What is the speech hierarchy according to Troyna and Williams?

  Middle-class, working-class, then Black speech
• What are the two types of speech code identified by Basil Bernstein?

  • Restricted code:
  • Used by working class
  • Limited vocabulary, simple sentences
  • Context-bound, descriptive
  • Elaborated code:
  • Used by middle class
  • Wider vocabulary, complex sentences
  • Context-free, communicates abstract ideas
• How do speech codes affect educational achievement?

  Elaborated code benefits middle-class children
• Why do middle-class children feel 'at home' in school?

  They are fluent in the elaborated code
• What do Gaine and George (1999) criticize about Bernstein's research?

  They argue he exaggerates class differences
• What did Douglas (1964) conclude about working-class parents?

  They placed less value on education
• How did working-class parents' attitudes affect their children's education according to Douglas?

  They were less ambitious and gave less encouragement
• What did Goodman and Gregg (2010) find about parental involvement?

  It was the most important factor affecting achievement
• What does Leon Feinstein (2008) argue is the most important factor affecting children's achievement?

  Parents' own educational level
• What are the differences in parenting styles between higher and lower qualified parents?

  • Higher qualifications:
  • Emphasize consistent discipline
  • Encourage active learning and exploration
  • Lower qualifications:
  • Apply harsh or inconsistent discipline
  • Focus on obedience and behavior
• What educational behaviors do parents with higher qualifications engage in?

  Reading, teaching letters, and helping with homework
• What advantage do parents with higher qualifications have in terms of expert advice?

  They are better able to get expert advice
• What financial advantage do parents with higher qualifications typically have?

  They tend to have higher incomes
• How do higher-qualified parents spend their income to promote educational success?

  On educational toys and books
• What did Bernstein and Young (1967) find about middle-class mothers?

  They were more likely to buy educational resources
• What disadvantage do working-class parents face regarding educational resources?

  They may lack resources for their children
• Why do not all children of working-class parents perform poorly?

  Parental qualifications influence children's success
• What do compensatory education programs aim to address?

  They aim to tackle educational deprivation
• What percentage of education spending did Educational Priority Areas account for?

  0.2%
• What does Diane Reay argue about the causes of underachievement?

  True causes are poverty and lack of resources
• What is a criticism of cultural deprivation theory?

  It blames victims for their own failure
• How does Nell Keddie view working-class culture?

  She sees it as culturally different, not deprived
• What do critics say about working-class parents' interest in education?

  Most want their children to succeed