material deprivation

• What is the main cause of underachievement according to many sociologists?

  Material deprivation
• What does the term 'material deprivation' refer to?

  Poverty and lack of material necessities
• How is poverty linked to educational underachievement?

  It affects access to resources and opportunities
• What is more likely for children from poorer families?

  Exclusion and truancy
• Where are nearly 90% of 'falling' schools located?

  In deprived areas
• How does poor housing directly affect pupils' achievement?

  It makes studying harder due to overcrowding
• What can overcrowding in housing lead to for children?

  Disturbed sleep and less room for study
• How can temporary accommodation affect children's education?

  It results in constant changes of school
• What indirect effects can poor housing have on children?

  Negative impacts on health and welfare
• What health risks are associated with children in crowded homes?

  Greater risk of accidents
• How does cold or damp housing affect children?

  It can cause ill health
• What nutritional issues do young people from poorer homes face?

  Lower intakes of energy, vitamins, and minerals
• How does poor nutrition affect children's school attendance?

  It leads to more absences due to illness
• What emotional issues are more likely for children from poorer homes?

  Emotional or behavioral problems
• What did Richard Wilkinson find about social class and childhood disorders?


  Lower social class correlates with higher disorder rates
• What behavior did Jo Blanden and Stephen Machin find in children from low-income families?

  More likely to engage in 'externalising' behavior
• What does David Bull refer to as 'the costs of free schooling'?

  Lack of financial support for educational needs
• What did Emily Tanner's study reveal about the costs faced by poor families?

  Heavy burden from educational-related expenses
• How might poor children feel due to having hand-me-downs?

  Isolated, stigmatised, or bullied
• What percentage of those eligible for free school meals do not take up their entitlement?

  20%
• What barrier to learning does Teresa Smith and Michael Noble identify?

  Poverty limits access to private schooling
• How do working-class students view debt according to Callender and Jackson?

  They see debt negatively and avoid it
• What did Callender and Jackson find about the likelihood of applying to university?

  Debt averse students are less likely to apply
• What was the tuition fee raised to in 2012?

  £9,000 per year
• What percentage of university students from the highest social class receive help from home?

  81%
• What percentage of university students from the lowest class receive help from home?

  43%
• What percentage of university students come from working-class backgrounds?

  About 30%
• What did Diane Reay find about working-class students' university applications?

  They apply to local universities to save costs
• What do Mortimore and Whitty argue about material inequalities?

  They have the greatest effect on achievement
• What does Peter Robinson argue is the most effective way to boost achievement?

  Tackling child poverty