2 - Richard and John Overseas

• causes of the third crusade

  • the Muslim forces took back the holy land
  • people in Europe were shocked to hear Jerusalem had been taken
  • Pope Gregory VIII issued a papal bull describing the attacks and offered a full indulgence to those who went on crusade
• Indulgences

  • full indulgence - complete forgiveness for sins
  • offered to those anxious to reduce penance
• financial reasons why people joined the third crusade

  • avoiding the Saladin Tithe
  • opportunities to gain wealth and land
  • professional soldiers were paid
  • crusader's debts would be cancelled while they were away
• Religious reason why people joined the crusade

  • pope promised full indulgence
  • stories of muslim atrocities
  • going on pilgrimage was common, Jerusalem was sacred
  • religious duty
• other reasons why people joined the crusade

  • to travel - most would never have left England
  • to win glory and respect
  • complete knight service and fulfil duty
  • revenge on muslims
• who went on crusade

  • knights
  • 8000 professional soldiers hired by richard
  • many knights' squires
  • important churchmen (Archbishop of Canterbury and Hubert Walter)
  • Priests - religious guidance
  • civillians, women - cooks, baggage carriers, nurses
• attitudes in England to the crusades

  • most supported king's call to crusade - seen as highest form of duty
  • many were horrified with the news about Jerusalem
  • some resented the cost of the Third Crusade
  • some had concerns about an absent king
• why richard joined the third crusade

  • religious, strongly believed it was his christian duty
  • great soldier, chance for honour and glory
  • had necessary resources - Angevin empire was very wealthy
  • Family connection - Great grandfather Fulk of Anjou was a previous king of Jerusalem
• Richard's rivalry with Phillip II

  • Phillip II had previously tried to take Angevin land and stir up trouble
  • gave Richard the Vexin as dowry for marrying his sister but he never married her
• Journey to Jerusalem - beef between R and P

  • Fredrick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman empire died in a shipwreck on the way there, stirring up their rivalry for leadership
  • 1190 - Richard received a great ceremony in Messina but Phillip a small one
  • richard invaded and conquered Cyprus in 1191, sold it for 100,000 but refused to give Phillip any
  • in Cyprus, married Berengaria of Navarre - broke previous agreement
  • quarrelled over strategy
  • disagreed over who to make king of Jerusalem
• Acre

  June 1191

  • the main port in Jerusalem and an important supply route
  • Richard's arrival supplied christians with catapults
  • Walls were taken down by catapults and Phillip's miners
• Arsuf

  September 1191

  • Richard skilfully marched soldiers along the coastline and defeated Saladin's army of 30,000
• failure to recapture Jerusalem

  • first march:
  • progress was slow, mud and rain, so richard turned back
  • Second Marsh
  • weather improved but it was too hot and they were worried about lack of water as Saladin had poisoned the wells so they retreated again
• reasons for not attacking jerusalem

  • leaving coast left supply lines vulnerable - could be cut off from food
  • leaving coast meant they were surrounded
  • lack of troops to besiege Jerusalem which was well defended
  • lack of resources to hold the city
• treaty of jaffa - 1192

  • muslims kept Jerusalem but christian pilgrims allowed to visit
  • christians kept land between Acre and Jaffa
  • no fighting for 3 years
• reasons for treaty of jaffa

  • richard heard his lands were under attack, was worried
  • saladin was ill and running out of money
• Richard's enemy

  • Duke Leopald of Austria - insulted by Richard at Acre
  • Henry VI Holy Roman Emperor - Richard supported his rival
• Richard's capture

  - Richard was shipwrecked, now had to cross enemy territory to get home

  • was recognised and arrested in Vienna by Duke Leopald's men
  • Sold to Henry VI
  • they wanted as much money as possible
• Richard's ransom - 100,000 marks

  • John didn't want to pay for the ransom but Barons and Eleanor of Aquitaine did:
  • 25% tax on moveables
  • land tax
  • tallage of £3375 on Jews
  • £1350 from king of Scotland
  • a year's wool from Cistercian monks
• why normandy was important for Richard/John

  • closest to Angevin land in France to England so provided a gateway
  • many English Barons held land in Normandy - if lost then confidence in king would be damaged
• why normandy was important for Phillip

  • Normandy was close to paris, which would be a threat
  • gaining control of Normandy would give Phillip options for winning more land
• Why Normandy was important in general

  • Normandy was very wealthy, fertile farmland
  • Norman towns very wealthy, good for trade
• How Richard defended Normandy with diplomacy

  • forgave John for his rebellion
  • made alliances with leaders - counts of Toulouse, Boulogne, Phillip was surrounded
  • Trade Embargo with Flanders
  • bribed many vassals of Phillip to switch sides
• How R. defended Normandy with Military skills

  • won many battles in a row
  • laid siege to many castles
  • defended their own castles
• location of Chateau Gaillard

  • overlooks the Vexin - crucial strategic area between normandy and France
  • protected Rouen - Normal capital
• structure of chateau gaillard

  • built on a large hill - hundreds of feet tall and wide
  • surrounded by deep ravines
  • round walls - no weak corner points for catapults
  • very thick walls
  • huge
• cost of chateau gaillard

  £12,000 (took 2 years to build)
• importance of chateau gaillard

  • protected Rouen
  • good base to attack from - almost retaken the Vexin by 1199
  • display of wealth
  • cost put strain on barons but was accepted
• why war with Phillip restarted

  • Isabelle of Angouleme had been promised to Hugh de Lusignan when John married her
  • he gave Hugh no compensation who then appealed to Phillip II
  • Phillip called John to court who denied, giving him the opportunity to forfeit his land and invade
• fall of chateau gaillard

  • sent forces to attack the french when they got to chateau gaillard but failed and retreated to england
  • castle fell after six months to Phillip's seige
• John's political mistakes

  • 1200 - John paid homage to Phillip in return for keeping his lands in france - now Philip's vassal
  • 1202 - married isabella of angouleme
• John's military mistakes in losing Normandy

  • left normandy in 1203 - gave the impression that he'd given up
  • didn't send troops to defend chateau gaillard
• John's lack of support when losing Normandy

  • some nobles in England switched to Philip's side
  • English barons were reluctant to fight in and fund another war
• other reasons why John lost normandy

  • Phillip had lots of skill and ambition who could win people to his side
  • couldn't afford to hire more soldiers or bribe nobles