G.E.D

• what dose evolution expalin

  evolution explains how living organisms develop and diversify over generations
• what are some evidence of evolution

  fossils - missing linksbad designbiogeography molecular geneticsnatural selection in action
• example of bad design

  left recurrent laryngeal nerve
• explain why left recurrent laryngeal nerve is a bad design

  because of the path it takes around the bodyit loops from the brainstem down to the aorta and back up to the larynx the route is longer then needed
• Why dose the left recurrent laryngeal nerve take that path

  the nerve descents from the branchial arches of fishlike ancestors fish have no neck o it went head to heartthe nerves got longer over time
• facts about evolution

  genetic changers over time in a. population (only changes in the allele frequency)not all evolution is cause by natural selectionnatural selection operettas on phenotypes not genotypes evolutionary changes are gradual species divide and change this is called speciationnatural selection is the only content force leading to adaptation
• what are the three conditions for evolution by natural selection

  heritable characters characters vary between individuals differential fitness
• define convergent evolution


  distantly related species who similar adaption due to similar selection pressure but have different underlying genetic factors
• Define biogeography

  the geographic distribution of species
• movement of what, helps show distribution and give an example

  tectonic platesmarsupials fossils found in Antartica
• Examples of Natural Selection in action

  Industrial melanismGreen fritillary flowersPoachingMeasured lizards before and after hurricane
• explain Industrial melanism and why its an example of natural selection's in action

  soot from factories caused moths to become peppered moths, it gave them an advantage against predators through camouflage
• explain Green fritillary flowers and why its an example of natural selection's in action

  they were commonly harvested by humans for Chinese medicine the colour changes from green to brown to avoid being harvested
• explain Poaching and why its an example of natural selection's in action

  heavy poaching led to a decline in a population and tackles females (scientist found two genes involved in this effect)
• explain hurricane lizards and why its an example of natural selection's in action

  after the hurricane is cause them to have bigger toe pads, longer arms, and shorter hind legs. suggested that now the be less likely to die in a storm
• how dose DNA show evolution

  the genetic code is universal showing exit sane of a common ancestor.this can be track evolution by comparing genetic sequences or proteins
• define molecular clock


  Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently
• explain Lactose persistence

  a mutation that enables lactase to be produced after being weaned. Lactase production is meant to be turned off after being weaned, people with lactose intolerance has lactase production turned off.
• explain neutral evolution

  - many DNA sequences are not genes and have no function- they will evolve and change but not be nature selection mutations in these parts of the genes should not be selected and will evolve randomly as they are neural - these non coding regions are the best molecular clocks
• explain "synonymous changes"

  the genetic code is redundant, some mutations in codons will not change the amino acid sequence
• galosloies species facts


  animals that live there aren't found anywhere els they are endemic to the gala-police finches are the most famous of this endemic as there are 13 pieces
• step in evolution by natural selection

  - individuals vary in some traits- some of the differences in traits are passed along to off springs, this requires a genetic base to the trait, the trait is heritable- different individuals have different numbers of surviving offsprings either because they produce different numbers of offsprings or there is differential survival- if the value of a trait is connected to the miner of offspring produced you get evolution by natural selection
• what dose LUCA stand for

  last universal common ancestor
• earliest life used RNA as what

  probably used as an enzyme which could copy themselves
• amino acids can form ... when have they been used since

  spontaneouslythey will have been used by life after the RNA world
• DNA and RNA are very

  fragile
• what protection dose RNA need

  A cell
• How can you have a cell without DNA?

  - lipid protobionts can 'reproduce' and 'metabolise'- RNA can spontaneously reproduce with them
• when was the first prokaryote

  3.5 billions years ago
• what was the first prokaryote

  a methane producing bacteria
• what could natural selection not create in 2 billion years

  eukaryotes
• what is Eukaryogenesis


  During a relatively short period, 20-30 million years ago, most of the types of animals we now see first appeared, arthropods, chordates, worms etc.not the product of natural selection
• Biological definition of species


  a population of reproducing organisms that are isolated (can`t exchange their genes) from other populations.
• the basic definition of species can't be related to what

  prokaryotes and eukaryotes that are not strictly sexually reproducing e.g., plants, extinct organisms, bacteria, archaea that have horizonal gene transfer.
• Species can appear:

  - In time along a lineage- In space due to geographic isolation- Various genetic effects- Population genetics,
• explain population genetics


  a set of equations relating to variability to determine the differencebetween populations and their gene flow. Can't show different species, can only show that gene flow has stopped between different groups.
• Define allopatric speciation

  the formation of new species from geographically isolated populations(allos = other, patra = homeland)

  
• Explain geographic isolation


  species can evole different if separated by Mountain or water
• give an example,e of geographic isolation


  two different species of antelope squirrels on either side of the Grand Canyon look very similar but are reproductively isolated, however, birds do not show such effects on either side even though they can travel from both sides of the canyon.
• directional selection


  favours one extreme