subject specific vocab

• What is anticipatory rise in heart rate?

  Increase in heart rate before exercise
• What causes anticipatory rise in heart rate?

  Release of adrenalin
• What does A-VO2 diff stand for?

  Arterio-venous oxygen difference
• What does A-VO2 diff measure?

  Oxygen content difference in blood
• What is blood pressure?

  Force blood exerts against vessel walls
• What is systolic blood pressure?

  Blood pressure during heart contraction
• What is diastolic blood pressure?

  Blood pressure during heart relaxation
• What can cause high blood pressure?

  Obesity, salt intake, stress, smoking
• What is the Bohr shift?

  Rightward shift of oxyhaemoglobin curve
• What causes the Bohr shift during exercise?

  Increased CO2, acidity, temperature
• What is bradycardia?

  Resting heart rate below 60 bpm
• What is the cardiac conduction system?

  Specialized cells sending signals to heart
• What is the role of the sino-atrial node (SAN)?

  Pacemaker sending impulses for contraction
• What does the atrio-ventricular node (AVN) do?

  Delays impulse for ventricular filling
• What is the function of the Bundle of His?

  Conducts impulse down the septum
• What do Purkinje fibres do?

  Spread impulse through ventricles
• What is cardiac hypertrophy?

  Thickening of the heart wall muscle
• What does cardiac output measure?

  Blood leaving left ventricle per minute
• How is cardiac output calculated?

  Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume
• What is stroke volume?

  Blood leaving left ventricle per contraction
• What is cardiovascular drift?

  Reduction in stroke volume in heat
• What causes cardiovascular drift?

  Sweating reduces blood volume and viscosity
• What is cholesterol?

  A type of fat transported in blood
• What are the two types of cholesterol?

  HDL (good) and LDL (bad)
• What does high-density lipoproteins (HDL) do?

  Transports excess cholesterol to the liver
• What is the effect of low-density lipoproteins (LDL)?

  Can cause fatty deposits in arteries
• What is haemoglobin?

  Protein in red blood cells for oxygen transport
• What does myoglobin do?

  Stores and transports oxygen in muscles
• What are receptors in the nervous system?

  Detect changes in the body
• What do baroreceptors detect?

  Changes in blood pressure
• What do chemoreceptors monitor?

  Increases in blood acidity during exercise
• What do proprioceptors detect?

  Increases in muscle movement during exercise
• What is the vascular shunt mechanism?

  • Directs blood flow around the body
  • Mechanisms:
  • Vasodilation: Relaxation of precapillary sphincters
  • Vasoconstriction: Contraction of precapillary sphincters
• What is Starling’s law of the heart?

  Increased venous return raises stroke volume
• What is a stroke?

  Condition when blood supply to brain is cut
• What are the two types of stroke?

  Ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes
• What causes ischaemic strokes?

  Blood clot stops blood supply to brain
• What causes haemorrhagic strokes?

  Weakened blood vessel bursts in the brain
• What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

  Speeds up heart rate and breathing rate
• What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

  Decreases heart rate and breathing rate