Van Ijzendoorm & Kroonenberg (1988)

• Cross-sectional study: A study that looks at the relationship between two or more variables at one point in time.
• Van Ijzendoorm & Kroonenberg aimed to see if there were similarities and differences in attachment types in different countries using large sample data.
• Meta-Analysis- where researchers combine the findings from multiple studies to draw an overall conclusion.
• The meta-analysis was of 32 different studies conducted in 8 different countries, 1990 strange situation study’s classified.
• The countries included in Van Ijzendoorm & Kroonenberg were China, Great Britain, Netherlands, Sweden, Israel, Japan, Germany and USA.
• The study criteria for the strange situations were Mother-child strange situation, ABC classification, No special needs included, Children had to be under 2 years old.
• Individualistic culture- people are more likely to be self-reliant and independent.
• Collectivist culture- People are more likely to be concerned with the group than the individual.
• Van Ijzendoorm & Kroonenberg (1988) concluded that the universal consistency of attachment types may be explained by the effects of the media.
• Van Ijzendoorm & Kroonenberg (1988) concluded that secure attachment may be prerequisite for health development.
• Van Ijzendoorm & Kroonenberg results were in all but one country Type B was found to be the most common attachment.
• Grossman in Germany found type A most common attachment type.
• There were high level of anxious-resistant attachment in Israel.