wars of the roses

• What significant event occurred in 1381 that worried Richard II?

  The Peasants' Revolt
• How did the Peasants' Revolt influence Richard II's demands?

  It contributed to his demands for absolute obedience
• What was Richard II's strategy against domestic rebellion?

  He sought French support
• What was Richard II's response to the Lords Appellant in 1397?

  He took 'tyrannous' revenge
• What was the role of the Cheshire Archers in Richard II's reign?

  They were used intimidatively
• What criticism did Richard II face regarding his favourites?

  Promotions were seen as undeserved
• Who were Richard II's notable favourites?

  Michael de la Pole and Robert de Vere
• What position was de la Pole promoted to in 1383?

  Chancellor
• What happened at the 'Wonderful Parliament' in 1386?

  Parliament demanded the removal of de la Pole
• What was the outcome of the Lords Appellant's actions in 1397?

  They accused Richard's favourites of treason
• What was the 'Merciless Parliament' of 1388?

  It punished Richard's favourites
• How did John of Gaunt's return in 1389 affect political stability?

  It aided political stability
• What was the state of England during Richard II's reign regarding France?

  England was at war with France
• Why did parliament resent Richard II during the war with France?

  They resented agreeing to taxation for the war
• How was Richard II perceived due to his childhood in France?

  He was seen as pro-French
• What was the outcome of Richard II's expedition to Scotland in 1385?

  It ended badly
• How did Richard II's uncles react to his military capabilities?

  They were angered by his lack of capability
• What was the status of Richard II's marriages?

  His first marriage was childless
• Why was Richard II's second marriage problematic?

  His wife was only 7 years old
• What significant event occurred in 1399 regarding John of Gaunt?

  John of Gaunt died
• What did Richard II do after confiscating Bolingbroke's inheritance?

  He led an expedition to Ireland
• How did Bolingbroke gain support for his invasion?

  The political situation in France favored him
• What happened to Richard II upon his return from Ireland?

  He was captured and imprisoned
• What happened to Edward II?

  He was forced to abdicate and murdered
• Who were the appellants during Richard II's reign?

  Henry Bolingbroke, Thomas Mowbray, Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Arundel, Earl of Warwick
• Who were the duketti during Richard II's reign?

  Henry Bolingbroke, Thomas Mowbray, John Holland Duke of Exeter, Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Holland Duke of Surrey, Edward Duke of Aumale,
• What were the key events leading to Richard II's downfall?

  • Criticism for his kingship
  • The Peasants' Revolt of 1381
  • His tyrannous revenge in 1397
  • The accusations of treason against his favourites
  • The death of John of Gaunt in 1399
  • Bolingbroke's invasion and Richard's capture
• What were the strengths and weaknesses of Richard II's reign?

  Strengths:

  • Charismatic leader
  • Support from some nobles

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Poor military capability
  • Overly generous to favourites
  • Lack of an heir
  • Political instability due to conflicts
• What were the key dates associated with Richard II's reign?

  • 1377: Richard II becomes king
  • 1381: Peasants' Revolt
  • 1386: Wonderful Parliament
  • 1399: Richard II's downfall
• Who were Richard II's notable favourites and their promotions?

  • Michael de la Pole: Chancellor in 1383, Earl of Suffolk in 1385
  • Robert de Vere: Marquis of Oxford in 1366
• What were the consequences of the 'Merciless Parliament' of 1388?

  • Punished Richard's favourites
  • Strengthened the position of the Lords Appellant
• What was the significance of the Lords Appellant?

  • They opposed Richard II's favourites
  • Key figures included Bolingbroke and Mowbray
• What was the impact of Richard II's lack of an heir?

  • Created uncertainty about succession
  • His second marriage was unconsummated
• What year did Richard II ascend to the throne?

  1377
• What significant event occurred in 1381?

  Peasants' Revolt
• Who did Richard II marry in 1382?

  Anne of Bohemia
• What position was de la Pole promoted to in 1383?

  Chancellor
• What title was de la Pole given in 1385?

  Earl
• What title was de Vere promoted to in 1386?

  Marquis
• What was the name of the parliament held in 1386?

  Wonderful Parliament