Last years

• Who is remembered as one of England's greatest monarchs?

  Elizabeth I
• What was the state of England during the last decade of Elizabeth's reign?

  England endured hard times
• Which country was England at war with during Elizabeth's last years?

  Spain
• What financial condition was Spain in during the war with England?

  Spain was bankrupt
• What was the financial situation of England during the war with Spain?

  England was under severe financial strain
• Who were England's allies during Elizabeth's reign?

  Scotland, France, Northern Dutch provinces
• Who was England's main enemy during Elizabeth's reign?

  Spain
• What attempts did England make in the New World during Elizabeth's reign?

  Attempts to found colonies failed
• With which countries did England establish new trading links?

  Russia and India
• What was Elizabeth's ability to manage court factions during her later years?

  She was unable to fully manage them
• Who took over as Elizabeth's Principal Secretary?

  Robert Cecil
• How often did the Privy Council meet by the 1590s?

  Every day
• What power did the Privy Council have by the 1590s?

  It could govern without needing a parliament
• What issue did Parliament confront Elizabeth over in 1601?

  Monopolies
• What was Elizabeth's response to Parliament's confrontation in 1601?

  The Golden Speech, a rare apology
• How did the workload of Justices of the Peace (JPs) change during Elizabeth's reign?

  It continued to grow
• What was the established religion in England during Elizabeth's reign?

  Protestant
• Why did Catholicism decline in popularity during Elizabeth's reign?

  It became associated with Spain and treason
• What was the association of Puritanism during Elizabeth's reign?

  It was also associated with treason
• Who benefited from the economic changes during Elizabeth's reign?

  Employers, landowners, professionals, merchants
• What was the state of the cottage industry during Elizabeth's reign?

  It was doing well
• How did older towns fare compared to new urban centers during Elizabeth's reign?

  Older towns were doing worse
• What was the trend in trade opportunities during Elizabeth's reign?

  Trade opportunities were increasing
• What happened to wage labourers' real wages during Elizabeth's reign?

  Real wages fell
• How did the enclosure movement affect perceptions during Elizabeth's reign?

  It was seen as an evil thing
• What was the social condition of the majority of people during Elizabeth's reign?

  They were poor and illiterate
• What class grew during Elizabeth's reign?

  The gentry
• What issue continued to grow during Elizabeth's reign?

  Vagrancy
• What was established to address poor relief during Elizabeth's reign?

  New systems of poor relief
• What was the impact of bad harvests and outbreaks of plague in the 1590s?

  Great hardship in town and countryside
• What cultural aspects thrived during Elizabeth's reign?

  Theatres and music
• Who benefited from the thriving culture of theatre and music?

  People of all classes
• What positive impact did the England Reformation have?

  It positively impacted theatre, music, literature
• Who thrived in literature and education during Elizabeth's reign?

  Middle and upper classes
• What was the focus of girls' education in the middle classes during Elizabeth's reign?

  Based around the home
• How did historian John Guy categorize Elizabeth's reign?

  Into two distinct parts
• What marked the beginning of Elizabeth's 'second reign' according to John Guy?

  After 1588 with troubles
• What does Patrick Collison call the period after 1588?

  The 'nasty nineties'
• What happened to agricultural prices between 1594 and 1598?

  Increased more in real terms
• What was the Succession Crisis during Elizabeth's reign?

  It plagued Elizabeth's reign