Nutrients

• Food breaks down by acid and enzymes.
• The 3 Main Macronutrients are Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Fats.
• Proteins include Chicken, Eggs, Fish, and Steak.
• Carbohydrates are the largest component in most diets and are the easiest/quickest used energy source.
• Animals can't make these vital chemicals so they rely on plants to make them.
• Complex Carbs are made up of either 1 sugar molecule or chains containing many sugar molecules.
• Simple sugar is monosaccharides which contain 1 sugar ring.
• Glucose, the most common type of monosaccharide, is found in all cells of the body and is the primary source of energy.
• A monosaccharide molecule is small enough to be absorbed by body cells.
• 2 monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide such as sucrose or lactose.
• Disaccharides must be chemically broken down into monosaccharides so body can absorb them.
• Polysaccharides, or complex carbs, are made up of many sugars joined together and must be broken down into monosaccharides through digestion to be absorbed.
• Starch is a type of polysaccharide made by plants to store extra energy.
• Cellulose, another type of polysaccharide, makes up plant cell walls and is not digestible by animals.
• Fiber in the diet, which cannot be digested, adds bulk to waste and helps get rid of waste, keeping body regular and reducing colon cancer.
• Herbivores, such as cows, rabbits, and termites, eat mostly cellulose and store bacteria in their digestive system.
• Herbivores have enzymes that break bonds between glucose molecules in cellulose.
• Cows, rabbits, and termites can use the cellulose as a source of energy.
• Lipids include fats and oils.
• Most lipids are triglycerides consisting of a glycerol molecule joined to 3 fatty acid chains.
• Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acid and glycerol during digestion.
• Functions of lipids include energy storage, insulation, protection, and signaling hormones.
• Proteins are macromolecules made up of amino acids joined together and are found in meat, legumes, and eggs.
• There are 20 different types of amino acids and 8 are essential in our diet.
• Proteins are broken down into amino acids in digestion.
• Amino acids are joined together in our cells according to our DNA in order to build up all the structural and functional units of our cells and tissues.
• • Fats in small intestine have CCK hormones that causes gallbladder to contract and release bile salts into the duodenum
• • Bile contains emulsifiers that break fat and oil into tiny droplets 
• • Mucus - provides a protective coat for the stomach lining 
• • HCI - kills harmful substances that are ingested with food 
• • Pepsin - protein-digesting enzyme that breaks long amino acid chains into shorter chains
• • Chyme is highly acidic 
  • Stomach lining has a protective coat but intestine does not 
  • As Chyme is released by the pyloric sphincter, bicarbonate ions are added by pancreas to neutralize the juices as they enter the duodenum 
• Peptic Ulcer

  • Mucus lining of the stomach breaks down → stomach cells are exposed to HCI & Pepsin = peptic ulcer 
  • Increase blood flow and burning of tissue → blood vessels break down 
• • Peptidases: released by pancreas and small intestine. Complete protein digestion by breaking peptide bonds between short polypeptide chains and releasing individual amino acids. 
• • Sucrase! - released by small intestine and complete the breakdown of disaccharides into monosaccharides