Test 1

• paradigm shifts happen when a crisis occurs, it is never smooth
• paradigm applies to the evolution of our beliefs about disease causation - in times of crisis scientist begin to question their theory and the longer it last the more likely theories, concepts, and methods change
• a scientific revolution is where one way of thinking is abandoned and a diffrent is accepted, this is known as a paradigm shift
• most of the earliest concepts were metaphysical: acts of gods, cures from sacrifices, charms, etc, and demonic possession
• Trepanation - removing demonic possession by taking out a piece of skull and wearing it as a charm
• Hippocrates belived every thing is either hot or cold, and dry or wet
• earth - cold/dry or cold/solid
• water - cold/wet
• air - hot/wet or dry
• fire - hot/dry or hot
• Hippocratic had 4 humors - blood (air), phlegm (water), yellow bile (fire), black bile (earth), when they were in balance, the body was healthy
• You became sick when an imbalance of a particular arises (fever from too much blood, cold from too much phlegm)
• Miasma Theory started during medieval ages and believed that bad smells caused disease.
• when people breathe miasmas their humors are disturbed and they get sick
• treatment of the miasma theory was avoiding miasma, breathing good air, and having a pure soul
• 1600s push for scientific inquiry (popularized by francis bacon)
• John Graunt is the 1st surveillance epidemiologist and watched patterns and mortality
• Graunt (1662)

  Birth of vital statistics - nature and political observations made upon the bills of mortality

  Recored seasonal variations in birth and death

  Showed execs male over female differences in mortality 
• Van Leeuwenhoek (1723) Saw “animalcules” in his microscope
• Fracatorious (~1500’s) doctor supported by the pope, who believed in contagion theory that small thing could get people sick
• Lind (1753) Scurvy prevention discovery - ones given oranges and lemons were better compared to seawater
• Jenner (late 1700’s) used milkmaids with cowpox to create a type of vaccination for smallpox
• William Farr (1839) was the register-general employed by england to create ICD system, linkages of mortality and population density, and invented the standard mortality rate
• william farr He was very influential & still accepted the Miasma Theory as the cause of disease
• The sanitarian movement (still miasma believers) - Shattucks sanitary report in MA (still used as PH framework), Lister amtiseptic surgery
• Florence Nightingale belived smell need to be cleaned for a helathier hosptial
• Semmelweis (1840’s) Cadaverous particles; Advocated the need to wash hands 
• John Snow is the father of epidemiology
• the sanitarian movement did not believe in the contagion theory
• Snow  linked cholera epidemic to contaminated water supply with the uses of a map of attacks and deaths
• Snows natural experiment - two diffrent water companies competed to supply water, found a test to determine which water was from who, one soure had a much higher rate of getting sick
• Pasteur (late 1800’s) “Father of Germ Theory” - replaces misama belief
• Pastur created terms like fermentation, vaccination and pasteurization
• Koch’s Postulates (1890)

  1. Organs should be in all allminals suffers but not healthy
  2. Organism must be isolated 
  3. Cultured organize should cause when introduced in healthy animal
  4. Organism must be re-isolated from infected
• Influential public health sanitarians like Shattuck did not believe in the early Contagion Theory
• Hippocrates tried to explain disease as an effect of imbalance of the four humors
• james lins showed that diet could prevent scurvy
• Semmelweis advocated for washing hands to prevent disease from contagions
• william farr created the international system from disease identifcation
• Jenner researched cow pox as a possible vaccine to prevent small pox