Assessment period 22nd jan

• Cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume x heart rate
• What shape are red blood cells?

  Biconcave
• What are the two white blood cells?


  phagocytes and lymphocytes.
• what white blood cells produce antibodies ?

  lymphocytes
• What white blood cells engulf pathogens?

  Phagocytes
• What does plasma in the blood carry?

  glucose, carbon dioxide, urea and hormones
• What do platelets do?

  Clot blood
• Arteries take blood away from the heart and have thick muscular walls but a small lumen
• Veins take blood into the heart from the body and have a thinner wall but Large lumen and valves
• Starch turns to glucose by the enzyme amylase
• Proteins turns into amino acids by protease
• Lipids turn into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase
• The optimum ph for enzymes are 7
• The optimum temp for our body is 37
• Capillaries are one cell thick for quicker diffusion of substances into and out of cells
• Enzymes and substrates have a lock and key shale
• If an enzyme is denatured the active site changes shape so substrate cant fit
• Hormones are chemical messengers
• Adrenaline increases the heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow and blood glucose
• Thyroxine controls metabolic rate
• The bodys temp is monitered by the hypothalamus
• hypothalamus -TRH- pituitary gland -TSH-thyroid gland -> thyroxine
• BMI= weight / height ^2
• Waist :hip ratio is a better way to measure obesity
• Insulin is released from the pancreas
• Insulins target organ is the liver and muscles
• Insulin removes glucose and stores it as glycogen = reduce blood glucose
• Glucagon is released from the pancreas when blood glucose levels are too low = increase blood glucose
• Thermoregulation keeps the body’s temp at 37
• Mitosis (ipmat) interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
• Interphase= dna replicates
• Prophase= spindle fibres apear and nuclear membrane breaks down
• Anaphase= spindle fibres pull chromosomes apart
• Prophase= spindle fibres and nuclear membrane breaks down
• Metaphase= spindle fibres attach
• Metaphase= chromosomes line up along equator
• Cytokensis= cell membrane forms around nuclei
• Cancer is caused by rapidly dividing cells
• Specialised cells = cells that have a specific function and are adapted to carry out that function.
• Human cells are diploid= 23 pairs of chromosomes