Midterm

• evidence-based practice is the process of making decisions using the best available evidence from multiple sources to increase the likelihood of a favourable outcome
• why are evidence-based practices needed?

  1. improves decision making
  2. provides better contextual understanding
  3. rationality and the introduction of bias
  4. reduce criticisms of decisions
  5. refutes false information
  6. reduces uncertainty
• 5 steps of evidence-based practice:

  1. ask
  2. acquire
  3. appraise
  4. apply
  5. assess
• evidence: information, facts, or data supporting or contradicting a claim, assumption, or hypothesis
• internal validity

  • suggestion of a casual relationship
  • degree to which alternative explanations possible
  • extent that the research results may be biased
• external validity

  • extrapolation to other populations
  • extent the evidence is generalizable to your situation
• emotions: intense feeling directed at someone or something

  • event specific
  • brief in duration
  • usually accompanies by facial expressions
  • example: anger
• moods: feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus

  • often general and unclear cause
  • longer lasting than emotions
  • generally, not accompanies by distinct expressions
• positive affectivity: experience positive emotions and moods, view the world in a positive light

  • tend to be cheerful, enthusiastic, lively, sociable, and energetic
• impact of the individual, group, organization on the organizational effectiveness of the business
• negative affectivity: experience negative emotions and moods, views the world in a negative light

  • tend to be distressed, depressed, and unhappy
• six universal emotions

  • happiness
  • surprise
  • fear
  • sadness
  • anger
  • disgust
• positivity offset: a tendency of most individuals to experience a mildly positive mood in neutral situations. (if there is nothing happening, no stimulus)
• influences based on who you are on moods and emotions

  • personality --> varying frequency and intensity by individual, blame the parents
  • age --> older you get happier you are
  • gender --> no difference in gender on moods and emotions, women are more expressive than men
• influences based on your circumstances on emotions and moods

  • weekday --> highest positive affect Fri-Sun, lowest Monday
  • time of day --> highest in the evening, lowest in morning
  • weather --> little effect except for some in low light winter climates
  • sleep --> poor sleep results in fatigue
  • exercise --> helpful positive mood enhancer
  • stress --> more stress more negative
• affective events theory: emotions are a response to an event in the work environment which influences job performance and satisfaction

  • if something happens at work, it will affect your personality
  • barista --> smile at customer because of corporate policy since it is expected
• felt emotions: an individual's actual emotions --> deep acting = trying to modify one's true inner feelings based on display rules, hiding one's religion
• displayed emotions: emotions that an organization requires workers to show and consider appropriate --> surface acting = hiding one's inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions in response to display rules

  • barista smiling even though they are having a negative emotion
• emotional dissonance: inconsistencies between the emotions peopole feel and the emotions they project, uneasiness
• strategies for regulating emotions

  • change the situation
  • modify the situation
  • suppress or amplify emotions
  • shift attention
  • reframe the situation
• emotional intelligence: one's ability to be self-aware, detect emotions in others, and manage emotional cues and information
• the case for emotional intelligence

  • intuitively appealing
  • predicts criteria that matters
  • biologically based
• the case against emotional intelligence

  • disagreements on definitions
  • can't be measured
  • personality with a different label
• organization implications of emotions and moods

  • individuals react emotionally to work events impacting performance and satisfaction
  • positive emotions and moods can contribute to sound decision making, creativity, etc
  • negative emotions and moods can contribute to enhanced negotiation, deviant workplace behaviours, safety and injury
  • leaders displaying positive emotions and moods carries over to employees
• manager achieves results through others, they make sure they get performance out of everybody else
• personality: a persistent set of characteristics, qualities, and traits that taken together form a unique person.

  the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others
• personality traits: enduring characteristics that describe an individuals behaviour
• personality is hereditary, comes from your parents
• predictive role of personality:

  • dispositional
  • situational
  • interactionist
• dispositional personality view: individuals possess stable traits or characteristics that influence their attitudes and behaviours
• situational personality view: characteristics of the work environment influence people's attitudes and behaviours
• interactionist personality view: people's attitudes and behaviours are a function of both disposition and the situation
• BIG FIVE model - openness

  • closed --> conventional, traditional, predictable, unimaginative (accountants)
  • open --> creative, curious, open to new experiences (marketers)
• BIG FIVE model - conscientiousness

  • spontaneous --> disorganized, unreliable, incompetent, procrastinator, impulsive
  • conscientious --> responsible, organized, dependable
• BIG FIVE model - extroversion

  • introvert --> reserved, quiet, timid, reflective
  • extrovert --> sociable, assertive, outgoing
• BIG FIVE model - agreeableness

  • hostile --> cold, stubborn, demanding, skeptical (negotiators)
  • agreeable --> cooperative, warm, trusting, sympathetic (HR)
• BIG FIVE model - emotional stability

  • neurotic --> nervous, anxious, insecure, depressed, stressed (traders)
  • stable --> calm, secure, self-confident, resilient
• the dark triad:

  • machiavellianism
  • narcissism
  • psychopathy
• machiavellianism:

  • pragmatic, emotional distant, ends justify the means
  • manipulative
• narcissism:

  • arrogant, sense of entitlement and self importance
  • related to counterproductive work behaviours