Reabsorption and more

• Reabsorption involves active and passive transport.
• Na+ is actively pumped out of the nephron by a membrane protein.
• Cl- moves by passively through electrochemical attraction.
• Glucose and amino acids are transported actively.
• Reabsorption sets up an osmotic gradient, with a hypertonic solution outside the nephron.
• Water will move out of the nephron passively through membrane proteins called aquaporins.
• Most of the water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tube.
• More water is removed in the descending loop of Henle.
• Reabsorption requires hormone ADH-antidiuretic hormone.
• Reabsorption location is the proximal tube, with substances transported include Na+, K+, water, and Cl-.
• In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, NaCl is transported passively and actively.
• In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, NaCl is transported passively and actively.
• In the distal tubule, substances transported include NaCl, H2O, HCO3-, K+, and H+, with some molecules moving from the peritubular capillaries and interstitial fluid into the distal tube of the nephron.
• Secretion involves some molecules moving from the peritubular capillaries and interstitial fluid into the distal tube of the nephron, including N-containing waste (ammonia), H+ ions (involved in pH balancing), and some pharmaceuticals.
• Control of water balance involves hormone ADH-antidiuretic hormone, made in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland, which acts on the kidneys to maintain water balance.
• ADH increases the permeability of the proximal convoluted tube, leading to more water being reabsorbed back into the blood.
• Diuretics increase urine production.
• Caffeine inhibits Na+ reabsorption, leading to less osmosis and more urine.
• Alcohol inhibits ADH, lowering permeability and leading to more water in urine.
• Whta does reabsorpition involve: active (requires ATP) and passive transport
• • Na + is actively pumped (membrane protein)
• • Cl – moves by passively by electrochemical attraction
• • Glucose and amino acids (active)
  • Sets up an osmotic gradient 
  • Hypertonic solution outside the nephron
• • Water will move out of the nephron passively through membrane proteins called aquaporins
• • most of the water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tube
• • More water is removed in the descending loop of Henle
• • Requires hormone ADH-antidiuretic hormone
• Glucose -> active transport -> out of neuphron
• cations (Na+,K+) -> active -> out of neuphron
• water -> osmosis -> out of neuphron
• anions (Cl-) -> passive -> out of neuphron
• water ->passive->out of neuphron
• NaCl->Passive and active->OUT OF NEPHRON