funda m quiz

• What is the purpose of specimen collection in nursing?

  Diagnosing, monitoring, and treating diseases
• Why is proper specimen collection important?

  It ensures accurate lab results and improves outcomes
• What are the general guidelines for specimen collection?

  • Patient Identification: Use two identifiers
  • Patient Preparation: Explain procedure and check restrictions
  • Standard Precautions: Follow aseptic techniques and use PPE
  • Correct Collection Technique: Use appropriate materials
  • Labeling and Documentation: Include patient details and specimen type
  • Storage and Transport: Follow temperature requirements
• What are the two identifiers used for patient identification?

  Name and date of birth
• What are standard precautions in specimen collection?

  Follow aseptic techniques and use PPE
• What should be checked during patient preparation for specimen collection?

  Dietary or medication restrictions
• What materials are needed for venous blood collection?

  Tourniquet, alcohol swab, syringe or vacuum tube
• What is the procedure for venous blood collection?

  1. Apply tourniquet
  2. Clean site with alcohol swab
  3. Perform venipuncture and collect blood
  4. Remove tourniquet, apply pressure, label sample
  5. Transport the sample
• When is the best time to collect venous blood for glucose testing?

  Morning, fasting samples
• What is the procedure for capillary blood collection?

  Clean site, prick with lancet, collect sample
• What materials are needed for capillary blood collection?

  Lancet, alcohol swab, gauze
• What is the best time to collect a capillary blood sample for glucose monitoring?

  Anytime, before meals for diabetics
• What is the procedure for arterial blood gas (ABG) collection?

  Locate artery, cleanse site, insert needle
• What materials are needed for arterial blood gas collection?

  Heparinized syringe, alcohol swab, gauze
• When is the best time to collect arterial blood gas samples?

  As ordered, usually in critical care
• What are the types of urine specimens and their collection procedures?

  1. Random Urine Specimen: Anytime, collect in sterile cup
  2. Midstream Clean-Catch: Early morning, clean genital area
  3. 24-Hour Urine: Discard first morning urine, collect for 24 hours
  4. Catheterized Urine: Anytime, withdraw using sterile syringe
• What is the minimum volume required for urine analysis?

  10-15 mL
• What is the procedure for a midstream clean-catch urine specimen?

  Clean area, begin urination, collect midstream
• What is the best time to collect a 24-hour urine specimen?

  After discarding first-morning urine
• What is the procedure for collecting a catheterized urine specimen?

  Clean catheter port, withdraw urine with syringe
• What are the normal characteristics of urine?

  • Color: Pale yellow to amber
  • Clarity: Clear to slightly hazy
  • Odor: Faint, characteristic odor
  • Volume: 800 – 2000 mL/day
  • pH: 4.5 – 8.0
  • Specific Gravity: 1.005 – 1.030
  • Protein: Negative to trace
  • Glucose: Negative
  • Ketones: Negative
  • Blood: Negative
  • Leukocytes: Negative
  • Nitrites: Negative
  • Bilirubin: Negative
  • Urobilinogen: 0.1 – 1.0 mg/dL
• What is the normal pH range of urine?

  4.5 – 8.0
• What does a specific gravity of urine indicate?

  Urine concentration and kidney function
• What is the normal urine output referred to as?

  Euryuria
• What are the abnormal urine characteristics and their clinical correlations?

  • Dark Yellow/Orange: Bilirubinuria (liver disease)
  • Red/Pink/Cola: Hematuria (UTI, kidney stones)
  • Brown/Tea-Colored: Myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis)
  • Milky White: Pyuria (UTI)
  • Green/Blue: Drug-Induced Discoloration
  • Purple: Purple Urine Bag Syndrome
  • Black: Melanuria (melanoma)
• What does a negative glucose finding in urine indicate?

  Glucose should not be present
• What does the presence of ketones in urine indicate?

  Fasting or extensive exercise
• What is the medical term for the presence of blood in urine?

  Hematuria
• What are the nursing implications in urine analysis?

  • Ensure proper specimen collection
  • Use correct storage and transport
  • Interpret findings alongside clinical symptoms
  • Educate patients on urine composition factors
• What is the best time to collect a routine stool examination?

  Morning sample preferred
• What materials are needed for a routine stool examination?

  Clean, dry container with lid, gloves
• What is the procedure for an occult blood test?

  Apply stool sample to test card
• When is the best time to collect a stool culture?

  During active diarrhea or before antibiotics
• What are the normal characteristics of stool?

  • Color: Brown
  • Consistency: Soft, formed
  • Shape: Cylindrical, sausage-like
  • Odor: Mild, characteristic fecal odor
  • Frequency: 1-3 times per day
  • pH: 6.0 – 7.5
  • Mucus: Absent or minimal
  • Occult Blood: Negative
• What is the medical term for hard, dry, lumpy stool?

  Constipation
• What does extremely foul-smelling stool indicate?

  Malabsorption or bacterial infections
• What is the medical term for increased stool frequency?

  Diarrhea
• What does the presence of blood in stool indicate?

  GI bleeding or colorectal issues
• What are the abnormal stool characteristics and their clinical correlations?

  • Clay/Gray/White: Acholic stools (biliary obstruction)
  • Black, Tarry: Melena (upper GI bleeding)
  • Bright Red: Hematochezia (lower GI bleeding)
  • Green: Biliverdin excretion (rapid transit)
  • Yellow, Greasy: Steatorrhea (malabsorption)
  • Pale with Fat Droplets: Lipiduria (pancreatic disorders)
• What does a sour-smelling stool indicate?

  Lactose intolerance or sugar malabsorption