Animal Diseases Lecture 3

• how to quantify diseases?

  simple counts, prevalence, incidence, mortality, and case fatality rates
• what is the prevalence rate?

  # of animals with an attribute (disease)/ # in group
• what is the incidence rate?

  # developing the disease/ # @ risk
• what is the mortality rate?

  # dying from disease/ total population
• wjat is the case fatality rate?

  # dying from disease / # with disease
• what are Koch's postulates used for?

  to establish cost and effect relationships
• what must the agent be in koch's postulates?

  present in every case of disease, not in other diseases, produced under experiments, and recoverable
• what are problems with Koch's postulates?

  lab based, mixed infections, certain conditions necessary
• what is included in the Tripartite system of disease causation?

  agent, host, environment
• how to determine if a disease in present in animals using the agent?

  strains, dosage, method of exposure, duration of exposure
• how to determine if a disease in present in animals using the hose?

  species, genotype, age, sex, previous exposures, behaviour, nutrition, reporduction
• how to determine if a disease in present in ana animal using the environment?

  climate, weather, competition, toxins and poisons
• what is usually the biggest causation of diseases in animals?

  stress
• who conducted the investigation of diseases in wildlife?

  Gary Wobeser
• what is used when identifying and defining diseases in wildlife?

  When, Where, What, Who, Why
• how to construct a epizootiological curve?

  plot # of new cases of a disease against time
• what are types of temporal variations?

  diurnal, seasonal, cyclic, and trends/long-term changes
• what are diurnal variations?

  morning vs night, parasites occur at different times
• what are seasonal variations?

  winter vs summer, parasite temperature
• whar are cyclic variations?

  variations occurring in a time period greater than one year
• what are long-term change variations?

  increases or decreases in disease occurances
• what is identified in the When category of defining and identifying diseases?

  temporal variations
• what is the most important aspect to consider when identifying and defining a disease?

  location
• what is condisided in the where category of disease idenftification?

  spatial limits, distribution, latitude, longitude, elevation, climate, environment and human activities
• how is spatial information compared to other data in disease identification?

  temporal variation, maps for disease spreads
• how does the climate effect the identification of diseases?

  wind currents carry diseases
• how does the enviornment effect the identification of diseases?

  landscape epidemiology, temps, topography, climate, soil, water, vegetation
• how does soil effect the identification of diseases?

  minerals being present of absent affecting immune systems and habitats
• how is vegetation used to identify diseases in wildlife?

  other animals may carry a disease and spread to others
• what is being used to identify diseases in wildlife?

  clinical, pathological, and analytical causative factors
• what are analytical causative factors?

  isolation of agent, specimen collection