sts 2

• Manuel L. Quezon, the second President of the Philippines, served from 1935 to 1944.
• Quezon's presidency coincided with a period of significant political, economic, and social changes in the country.
• While Quezon's tenure was marked by challenges such as the threat of war and occupation during World War II, he made contributions in various areas, including those related to science, technology, and society (STS).
• Notable contributions and initiatives of Quezon include the National Language Policy, the establishment of the National Research Council of the Philippines, infrastructure development, educational reforms, and public health initiatives.
• Jose P. Laurel served as the President of the Philippines during two distinct periods: first, during the Japanese occupation from 1943 to 1945, and later, as the President of the Second Philippine Republic from 1943 to 1945.
• Laurel's role during the Japanese occupation was marked by complex circumstances, as he was appointed by the Japanese authorities to lead the puppet government.
• While Laurel's presidency faced challenges and criticisms, including collaboration with the Japanese, it is essential to examine the contributions and initiatives that occurred during this period in the context of science, technology, and society (STS).
• Laurel emphasized the promotion of the Filipino language and culture during his presidency, which aimed to strengthen national identity, even under the constraints of the Japanese occupation.
• Efforts were made to continue education under challenging circumstances during Laurel's administration, which worked to maintain and operate schools despite the disruptions caused by the war.
• Aquino promoted public-private partnerships to spur infrastructure development.
• Aquino implemented the K to 12 Program, an educational reform initiative that extended the basic education cycle in the Philippines.
• Arroyo's administration implemented healthcare initiatives, including programs to improve healthcare infrastructure, increase access to medical services, and address public health issues.
• Rodrigo Duterte was the incumbent President of the Philippines, his term began in June 2016 and was scheduled to end in 2022.
• Arroyo signed the Biofuels Act of 2006, which aimed to promote the use of biofuels in the Philippines.
• The Arroyo administration formulated a National Research and Development Agenda to guide scientific research and innovation.
• The Bottom-Up Budgeting approach, introduced during Aquino's term, aimed to involve local communities in the budgeting process.
• The Aquino administration expanded the 4Ps, a conditional cash transfer program aimed at providing financial assistance to impoverished families.
• The Aquino administration expressed support for renewable energy development and made efforts to increase the share of renewable energy sources in the country's energy mix, contributing to sustainability and potentially fostering advancements in clean technology.
• Arroyo initiated the Mindanao Agro-Industrial Growth Corridor, a development strategy aimed at boosting economic activities in the Mindanao region.
• Arroyo recognized the importance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in national development and implemented programs to promote the use of information and communication technology, including efforts to bridge the digital divide and increase internet access in the country.
• Aquino's administration formulated the Philippine Development Plan, a medium-term roadmap that aimed to guide the country's development.
• The emphasis on improving the quality of education, including science and technology education, was part of broader efforts to prepare the workforce for the demands of the modern economy.
• Ferdinand Marcos, the tenth President of the Philippines, served from 1965 to 1986.
• Infrastructure Development: Ramos focused on large-scale infrastructure projects, including the construction of roads, bridges, airports, and seaports.
• Strong Republic Nautical Highway: Arroyo initiated the Strong Republic Nautical Highway project, which aimed to enhance transportation infrastructure by linking key islands through an integrated sea transport system.
• Peace Process: Ramos pursued peace negotiations with various insurgent groups, leading to the signing of peace agreements such as the 1996 Final Peace Agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF).
• Education Reforms: Arroyo's administration implemented reforms in the education sector, including the enhancement of the curriculum to better align with global standards.
• Renewable Energy Initiatives: Aquino's presidency saw initiatives to explore and develop renewable energy sources.
• Environmental Conservation: Ramos prioritized environmental conservation and sustainable development.
• Healthcare Programs: Aquino's administration implemented health programs to address public health challenges.
• Telecommunications and Information Technology: The Ramos administration initiated policies to enhance the country's telecommunications and information technology sectors.
• Balik-Scientist Program: Ramos established the "Balik-Scientist" program, which aimed to encourage Filipino scientists and researchers working abroad to return to the Philippines.
• Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo served as the 14th President of the Philippines, holding office from 2001 to 2010.
• Economic Reforms: Ramos pursued economic reforms to liberalize and modernize the Philippine economy.
• Educational Reforms: Efforts were made to improve the quality of education, including the enhancement of science and technology education.
• Duterte signed the Philippine Space Act into law in 2019, establishing the Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA).
• Duterte's administration faced the challenge of addressing the COVID-19 pandemic, which required the use of technology for data monitoring, contact tracing, and public communication.
• Duterte's administration expressed plans for a National Broadband Program to improve internet connectivity in the Philippines.
• Efforts were made to address land tenure issues through land reform programs.
• Carlos P. Garcia served as the eighth President of the Philippines from 1957 to 1961.