Chemical Changes

• Metals reacting with oxygen produce...

  Metal Oxides
• What is an oxidation reaction?

  Loss of electrons
• What is a reduction reaction?

  Gain of electrons
• What is an acronym for oxidation and reduction reactions?

  OIL RIG (oxidation is loss, reduction is gain)
• What happens when Lithium reacts with water?

  Fizzes steadily producing lithium hydroxide and hydrogen
• What happens when Sodium reacts with water?

  Melts to form a ball and fizzes steadily producing Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen
• What happens when Potassium reacts with water?

  self-ignites, melts, and fizzes rapidly to produce potassium hydroxide and hydrogen
• What is the reactivity series?

  1. Potassium
  2. Sodium
  3. Lithium
  4. Calcium
  5. Magnesium
  6. Carbon
  7. Zinc
  8. Iron
  9. Hydrogen
  10. Copper
  11. Silver
  12. Gold
• What is an acronym for the reactivity series?

  People say little children make a cool zebra ill however copper silver gold
• What do metals do when they react?

  They lose electrons and form a positive ion

  $K\ \rightarrow\ K^+$$+$$e^-$
• What does the reactivity of a metal depend on?

  Its ability to lose electrons and form a positive ion
• A more reactive element will displace...

  a less reactive element
• What is the reactivity series?

  1. Potassium
  2. Sodium
  3. Lithium
  4. Calcium
  5. Magnesium
  6. Carbon
  7. Zinc
  8. Iron
  9. Hydrogen
  10. Copper
  11. Silver
  12. Gold
• What is an acronym to remember the reactivity series?

  People say little children make a cool zebra ill however copper silver gold
• The formula for Hydrochloric acid?

  $HCl(aq)$
• The formula for Sulfuric Acid

  $H_2SO_4(aq)$
• The formula for nitric acid

  $HNO_{3(aq)}$
• What ion do acids contain?

  $H^+$
• What is a Base?

  Chemicals that can neutralize acids, producing salt and water
• What ions do alkali produce in aqueous solution?

  $OH^-$
• Acid + Metal $\rightarrow$


  Salt + Hydrogen
• Bases are _____ in water and are also called _____

  Soluble and Alkalis
• Salts contain a positive ion which comes from...

  the base of alkali
• Salt also contain negative ion which comes from ....

  acid
• acid + metal carbonate $\rightarrow$


  metal acid + water +carbon dioxide
• How to make soluble salts?

  1. Start with a fixed volume of dilute (named) acid
  2. Gently heat acid on the Bunsen burner
  3. Add a small amount of (named) metal oxide
  4. Stir the solution with a glass rod
  5. Continue adding metal oxide until in excess
  6. Filter excess using filter funnel
  7. Place solution in evaporating basin and heat on bunsen burner
  8. Place on windowsill and pat dry
• Strong acids...

  fully ionise in aqueous solutions
• Weak acids...

  partially ionise in aqueous solution
• Examples of weak acids?

  • carbonic acid
  • ethanoic acid
  • citric acid
• How to carry out Titrations?

  1. Use a pipette to transfer 25$cm^3$of sodium hydroxide solution into a conical flask
  2. Add 5 drops of methyl orange to the alkali in the conical flask
  3. Place the conical flask on a white tile to see the colour change
  4. Fill the burette with sulfuric acid
  5. Add acid to alkali one drop at a time and keep swirling until we see a colour change
  6. Read the volume of the acid added from burette
• Where do you take the reading on the burrette?

  At the bottom of the meniscus at eye level
• What is an Ionic compound?

  A compound containing both metal and non-metal elements
• Why can't solid ionic compounds conduct electricity?

  The ions are locked in place and are not free to move
• How is an ionic compound able to conduct electricity when melted or dissolved?

  Ions are free to move about within the liquid or solution
• What are the liquid solutions called that can carry electricity called?

  Electrolyte
• Positively charged ions move to the ...

  Cathode (negative electrode)
• Negatively charged ions move to the ...

  positive electrode (anode)
• What is an acronym to remember the movement of ions?

  PANIC
• Aluminium is extracted from...

  The compound aluminum oxide
• Aluminium oxide contains (ions)...

  Aluminium Ion $Al^{3+}$ and Oxide ion $O^{2-}$