Seventeenth century

• The Stuarts and the Union of Crowns

  · Stuarts: dynasty following the Tudors (seen as one of the least successful dynasties of England)

  With King James 1. (Scottish King, related to Elizabeth and the Tudors who died heirless

  Scotland and England united, Union of the Crowns 1603

  two kingdoms ruled by one monarch · scotland stopped being potential threat

  ↳ 1606 Union Jack as common flag
• 1. Describe the origins and the outcome of the English

  Civil War (1642-1649)-> often called 'the English Revolution

  Reasons:

  · King needs parliament to justify taxation

  · King Charles I called parliament an instrument'to the king

  · only landowners could vote for the house of commons

  -> Parliament wanted more power, King wanted to be the only power

  ↳ parliament met only when the king decided that he needed help

  · Charles married to French princess (Catholic), England was Protestant

  ↳ religious conflict
• the two "competitors" in English Civil War:

  · King Charles (Monarch): wanted to rule without Parliament, Royalists: 'Cavaliers'

  · Parliamentarians: ->'Roundheads'under Oliver Cromwell, Puritans (radical Protestants),

  -> Levellers (wanted to abolish existing government in favour of democracy)
• 1628: House of Commons demanded rights -> Charles I dissolved the Parliament and

  reigned without them
• 1640: "Short parliament": King needed money for war (through taxes)

  -> dissolved again after parliament demanded more rights
• 1640-1660: "long parliament": reinstalled again as king realised that he needed money

  -> parliament decided King has no right to dissolve it -> king denied,

  tried to arrest main enemies (eg. John Pym, leader of rebels in parliament),

  but they had been warned and already fled
• The English Civil War

  · Charles fled to Oxford, tried to build up army there to fight for crown

  1642: Battle of Edgehill: first military confrontation and official start

  Parliamentarians (Roundheads)vs. Royalists (Cavaliers)-> both parties claimed it as victory
• 1644: Battle of Marston Moor: -> Parliament gets the upper hand

  New model army: 'Red coated soldiers'-new type of army invented by the parliament

  ↳> first truly proffessional fighting force in England, based on meritocracy (position based on

  shill, not status)and got paid regularly
• 1647: End of war, King was imprisoned

  · "Rump Parliament": those who wanted king to be killed

  1649: public beheading of King Charles 1. at Whitewall

  ↳ monarchy was formally abolished, regicide has never happened before,

  it was extreme and people were left shocked
• 1649-1660: The Commonwealth/Protectorate

  no monarchy in England

  · Parliament was reduced (no house of lords, reduced house of commons)

  · 100. 000 soldiers died

  · Parliament having all the power Estuart dynasty interrupted

  · Scotland was fully integrated, Cromwell united all parts of the BI
• 1653-1658: Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector and Head of State

  · Weakening of the Church of England

  "Commonwealth"-> term used to express common interests, parliament created

  Legal basis for republic, Scotland& Ireland integrated into Commonwealth
• 2. Which factors led to the restauration of the monarchy 1660?

  Oliver Cromwell: very religious, parliament wanted to make him king, but declined

  ↳ after his death: son Richard followed but lost support of army and parliament (efled)

  · Puritanism was not popular (forbid many 'fun'activities)-> too strict

  new option: reintroducing the monarchy

  ↳ Charles II. was restored, power restricted by the parliament
• 3. What was the 'Glorious Revolution'and what were its effects?

  after Charles II. died, his brother James II. became King

  ↳ was catholic and also had catholic son -> catholic monarch was not accepted

  Tories: supporters of Anglican Church and James II. -didn't want to interfere

  Whigs: dominated by criticism of King and Catholicsm, wanted Catholic King gone

  1689: Whigs invited William of Orange to come to England and take crown

  (married to James' daughter Mary)
• When did Henry 7th rule?

  1485-1509
• When did Henry 8th rule?

  1509-1547
• When did Edward 6th rule?

  1547-1553
• When did queen Mary I. rule?

  1553-1558
• When was Elizabeth I. queen?

  1558-1603