Natural selection and Genetic Modification

• vasp = variation adapt survive pass on genes
• natural selection = best adapted organisms survive longer
• fossil = preserved remains of dead organisms from millions of years ago
• do not decay = teeth, bones and shells
• preserved traces of organisms covered by = layers of sediment
• by studying fossils = we can find out how we have changed
• lucy = ape-like
• ardi = human=like
• early life forms soft bodied = no trace left behind
• 5 kingdoms = animals, plants, fungi, protists, prokaryotes
• binomial system = all scientists can accurately identify different species
• three domain by Carl Woese = archea, bacteria, eukaryota
• Leakey = stone tools
• some bacteria may become resistant = to some antibiotics
• different genes organisms code for = different proteins (3 domain system)
• selective breeding = the process of breeding two animals with the desirable characteristics until the offspring is as desired
• selective breeding negative = reduced gene pool and slow results
• selective breeding positive = new varieties of good crops
• genetic engineering = modifying the genome of an organism to introduce desirable charachteristics
• use genetic engineering to make = insulin
• restriction enzymes = isolate human gene and cut plasmid
• ligase = stick plasmid and gene together
• genetic engineering positive = stronger crops - don't have to worry about natural disasters. Faster desirable characteristic
• genetic engineering negative = expensive seeds, risk to humans and can spread uncontrollably
• 5 kingdoms = animals, plants, fungi, protists, prokaryotes
• How do new alleles arise?

  mutations
• What are alleles?

  versions of genes
• Examples of sectional pressure?

  predation, competition for resources, disease
• Individuals with the better adapted characteristics have a?

  better chance of survival - more likely to breed successfully
• What becomes more common over time?

  beneficial characteristics
• What does antibiotic resistance prove?

  evolution - gives evidence
• Why is it easy to see evolution happening in bacteria?

  they reproduce so rapidly
• V?


  variation
• A?


  adaptation
• S?


  survival
• P?


  pass on genes
• Another way of providing evidence for evolution?

  looking at the development in fossils over time
• What do humans and chimpanzees have?

  a common ancestor that existed around 6M years ago
• What are humans and their ancestors known as?

  hominids
• How old is Ardi?

  4.4M years