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• · Freedom is transcending ordinary limitations, going beyond physical or economic constraints.

  concept of freedom
• it is Critical thinking is crucial for freedom and truth.

  freedom
• Aristotle's Perspective - The Power of Volition:

  · Will is an instrument of free choice.

  · Humans are responsible for their moral acts.

  · Character or habit is not an excuse for immoral conduct.
• St. Thomas Aquinas - Love is Freedom

  · Humans have the power to change for the better.

  · Transcendence and perfection are achieved through cooperation with God.

  · Fourfold classification of law: eternal, natural, human, and divine law.

  · Love, guided by God, leads to self-perception and happiness.
• Jean Paul Sartre - Individual Freedom:

  · Existentialism: Human person desires to be self-grounded.

  · Existence precedes essence.

  · Authentic existence is realized through deeds in absolute freedom and responsibility.

  · Emphasis on free individual choice and consciousness.
• who's concept of freedom in the picture

  
• Thomas Hobbes - Theory of Social Contract:

  · Law of Nature: Seek peace to preserve life.

  · Social contract involves mutual transfer of rights for peace.

  · Human reason and government are necessary to escape the state of nature.

  · Sovereignty is absolute, but subjects are absolved if the sovereign cannot protect them.
• who's concept of freedom in the picutre

  
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau:

  · Social Contract: State originates from a voluntary agreement-

  for mutual protection.

  · Human beings are born free, corrupted by society.

  · Emphasis on democracy and individualism.
• this concept of freedom is from

  
• B.F. Skinner - Environment and Control:

  · Behavior shaped by consequences, operant conditioning.

  · Controversial views on freedom; feeling of freedom is unreliable.

  · Skinner proposes redesigning the environment to promote positive behavior.
• Life is full of paradoxes; accepting them leads to flexibility.
• Learning to live with contradictions, recognizing the duality of life.
• Importance of transformation in viewing life and the environment.
• Power or right to act, speak, or think without hindrance.
• Absence of subjection to foreign domination or despotic government.
• State of not being imprisoned or enslaved.
• The Human and Their Environment 

  Aldo Leopold's A Sand County Almanac (1949):

  · Advocated expanding the idea of community to include the entire natural world.

  · Emphasized the interconnectedness and interdependence of all of nature.

  Grounded the ethical approach in recognizing the importance of the natural world
• Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962):

  · Raised awareness about the dangers of commonly used commercial pesticides.

  · Highlighted the far-reaching impacts of human activities on the environment.

  · Brought attention to the potential harm caused to both the environment and humanity.
• Overall Influence:

  · These works predated the formal emergence of environmental ethics in the 1970s.

  · Inspired the environmentalist movement by challenging traditional views on nature and humanity's role.

  · Sparked debates on how to address emerging environmental challenges.
• The Emerging Crisis

  Human Impact on Climate

  Reliance on fossil fuels releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere.

  Greenhouse gases, including CO2, trap heat, leading to changes in the planet's climate.
• Top CO2 Producers

  · The United States and China are the two countries producing the most CO2.

  · The U.S. is the largest gasoline consumer globally, using around 338 million gallons per day.

  · China is the largest coal consumer, burning over three billion tons in 2020, more than half of the global coal consumption.
• Anthropogenic Climate Change:

  · Human activities contribute to anthropogenic climate change.

  · This term refers to changes in Earth's climate caused or influenced by human actions.
• Increased Frequency of Severe Weather

  · Changes in climate contribute to more frequent and intense severe weather events.

  · Examples include record-setting wildfires in the United States and Australia.
• Wildfires and Natural Disasters:

  · The United States experienced severe wildfires (2017–2021), notably in California.

  · Australia faced its most catastrophic bushfire season in 2020, resulting in extensive damage and loss of life.
• Environmental Consequences:

  · Severe weather events lead to significant environmental consequences, including habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity.

  · Human reliance on fossil fuels is a major factor driving these environmental changes.
• Political and Legal Dimensions

  Origin of Environmental Movement

  · Concerns initially focused on air and water pollution, as well as the impact of pesticides on food crops.

  · Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" played a pivotal role in inspiring the environmental movement.
• Formation of Regulatory Bodies:

  · Influence of Carson's work led to the establishment of nonprofit organizations and government agencies like the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

  · These agencies have significant roles in shaping national policies related to emissions, toxic chemical use, and environmental protection.
• Global Variances in Legal Approaches:

  · Legal strategies for environmental protection differ across countries.

  · Economic pressures, especially in industrializing nations, may lead to conflicts with more established economies regarding the level of regulation.
• China's Environmental Policies:

  · China, a major carbon emitter, is working on policies beyond mere cleanup to promote ecological system regeneration.

  · Unresolved environmental issues in China are contributing to emigration of wealthy citizens.

   
• International Climate Efforts:

  · Montreal Protocol (1985) successfully addressed ozone layer depletion caused by aerosol sprays.

  · Contrastingly, global efforts to combat climate change face challenges due to the lack of a single, inexpensive alternative to the carbon economy.
• UN Framework and Climate Agreements:

  · Over 150 countries signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), leading to subsequent agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.

  · Despite commitments, no significant progress has been made in reducing fossil fuel emissions globally.
• Complexity of Climate Change:

  · Climate change is a multifaceted problem intricately tied to an economy reliant on carbon-based fuels.

  · The issue highlights the interconnected nature of the planet's ecosystem and the global impact of activities in one region on others.