biology b6

• What is the definition of an antibiotic?

  A medicine that kills bacteria
• What is the role of antibodies?

  They target and help destroy pathogens
• What is an antigen?

  A protein on pathogen surfaces
• What is an antitoxin?

  A substance that neutralizes toxins
• What is a dose?

  The amount of medicine given
• What is a double-blind trial?

  Neither patients nor doctors know treatment
• What is efficacy in drug testing?

  Whether the drug works effectively
• What is herd immunity?

  When a large population is vaccinated
• What are monoclonal antibodies?

  Antibodies produced from hybridoma cells
• What is mucus's role in the respiratory system?

  It traps particles in the air
• How does skin act as a non-specific defense?

  It serves as a physical barrier to infection
• What is the function of stomach acid?

  It destroys pathogens in food and drinks
• How do phagocytes destroy pathogens?

  They engulf and digest the pathogens
• What do lymphocytes produce to fight pathogens?

  Antibodies and antitoxins
• Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?

  They target bacteria, not viruses
• What is the purpose of painkillers?

  To treat symptoms of viral diseases
• If a drug is found to be toxic, what happens next?

  It is not approved for use
• What is the first step in clinical trials?

  Testing on healthy volunteers
• How do pre-clinical trials differ from clinical trials?

  Pre-clinical trials test in labs, clinical in humans
• What is the significance of peer review in drug testing?

  It ensures results are verified by others
• Why are double-blind trials important?

  They reduce bias in the results
• What happens when a vaccinated person encounters the pathogen again?

  The correct antibodies are produced quickly
• How are modern drugs typically developed?

  They are synthesized in laboratories
• What is the source of the heart drug digitalis?

  Foxglove plants
• Who discovered penicillin?

  Alexander Fleming
• What do cilia in the nose do?

  They trap particles in the air
• What is the pH level of stomach acid?

  pH 2
• What is the role of white blood cells?

  To fight pathogens
• What do lymphocytes specifically target?

  Specific pathogens
• What is the function of the trachea and bronchi?

  To produce mucus and clear the lungs
• What is the main function of mucus?

  To trap particles and pathogens
• What happens during the engulfing process by phagocytes?

  Phagocytes surround and digest pathogens
• What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune response?

  To produce antibodies and antitoxins
• What is the purpose of vaccinations?

  To stimulate antibody production against pathogens
• What is the significance of the term 'toxicity' in drug testing?

  It assesses if the drug is harmful
• What is the role of the immune system when a pathogen enters the body?

  To destroy the pathogen
• What is the role of cilia in the trachea?

  To move mucus away from the lungs
• What is the main function of the skin in disease prevention?

  To act as a physical barrier
• What is the role of the immune system's lymphocytes?

  To fight specific pathogens
• What is the purpose of a placebo in clinical trials?

  To compare effects with the real drug