4.1- Criminological theories and policy development

• What is the main goal of behavior modification?

  To promote desirable behaviors and reduce undesirable ones
• What is operant conditioning?

  A learning theory involving reinforcement and punishment
• What is a limitation of behavior modification in high-risk offenders?

  It doesn't work effectively on high-risk offenders
• What is psychoanalysis therapy focused on?

  Verbalizing thoughts to access the unconscious
• What is a criticism of psychoanalysis therapy?

  It cannot provide quick answers and takes years
• What did Blackburn (1993) find about offender treatment?

  It produced few positive results
• What is penal populism?

  • A movement advocating for harsher penalties
  • Associated with right realism
  • Claims higher penalties deter crime
• What was the prison population in 1993?

  45,000
• What was the prison population in 2018?

  83,000
• What did Tony Blair's government promise in 1997?

  Faster crime response and tougher penalties
• What is the multi-agency approach in crime prevention?

  Collaboration among various agencies to reduce crime
• How does the multi-agency approach help youths?

  It helps them find a life out of prison
• What is the purpose of CCTV in prisons?

  • To observe inmates without their knowledge
  • Aims to regulate prisoner behavior
  • Linked to surveillance theories
• What did Gill & Loveday find about CCTV's effectiveness?

  Many criminals were not deterred by it
• What did Vinkkuen et al. (1987) find about offenders?

  They had lower serotonin levels
• What dietary changes can help treat aggression in offenders?

  A diet rich in salmon, nuts, and chocolate
• What was the result of Schacht et al. (1982) regarding sugar intake?

  A reduced sugar diet lowered anti-social behavior by 48%
• What was the outcome of the placebo group in the dietary study?

  Violent incidents dropped by 10.11%
• What is eugenics related to in terms of behavior?

  Inheritance of genes affecting behavior
• What did Osborn and West (1970s) find about criminality?

  40% of boys with criminal parents had records