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Microbes
Lecture 8- Human-Microbe interactions
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Created by
Erin Clark
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Cards (41)
How many bacteria are estimated to be in the microbiota?
3.8 x 10
13
^{13}
13
bacteria
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What are commensals in the context of microbiota?
They
form
permanent
interactions
with
us
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Where are bacteria found in the human body?
On all
surfaces
of the body
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What does the body provide for bacteria?
Nutrients
,
growth factors
, temperature, pH
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What is the microbiota?
Collection of
microorganisms
living in and on us
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What was the microbiota previously called?
'Normal'
flora
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What percentage of stool dry matter is microbial mass?
60%
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How does the genetic information from microbes compare to the human genome?
More
genetic
information
from microbes
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What is the biodiversity like in the skin microbiota?
Restricted
biodiversity
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What type of bacteria are found in sweat glands and on skin?
Resident
and
transient
bacteria
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Name a resident bacterium found on the skin.
MRSA
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Name a transient bacterium found on the skin.
E.coli
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What is the biodiversity like in the nasal cavity microbiota?
Restricted
biodiversity
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What are opportunistic pathogens found in the nasal cavity?
Neisseria meningitidis
,
Haemophilus influenzae
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What is the biodiversity like in the oral cavity microbiota?
High
biodiversity
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How many bacterial species are found in dental plaque?
Over
300
species
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What is the role of primary colonisers on teeth?
They form
micro-colonies
on tooth surfaces
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What is the pH of the stomach?
pH 2
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What is the significance of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach?
It colonises the stomach in
50%
of people
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What can Helicobacter pylori lead to?
Gastritis
and
gastric cancer
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What is the pH of the small intestine?
pH 4-5
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What is the bacterial biomass like in the colon?
Huge
bacterial biomass
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How many cells per gram of contents are found in the colon?
10
10
−
1
0
11
^{10}-10^{11}
10
−
1
0
11
cells
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What type of bacteria are the majority in the colon?
Obligate anaerobes
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How many different species of bacteria are in the GI tract?
Over
1,000
different species
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What does gut microbiota provide in terms of calories?
10%
of the calories from food
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What do gut microbiota convert complex carbohydrates into?
Short chain fatty acids
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What happens to germ-free mice when colonised with cecal microbiota?
They gain
60%
more body fat
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What is dysbiosis?
Imbalance of normal
flora
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What can oral antibiotics do to normal flora?
Inhibit
the normal flora
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What can happen if a wide spectrum antibiotic is used?
Virtual sterilisation of the
intestinal
tract
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What can invade after dysbiosis occurs?
Opportunistic pathogens
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What is the gut-brain axis?
Connection between
gut microbiota
and brain function
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How does tryptamine affect serotonin production?
It
upregulates
serotonin production
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What can increased 4-ethylphenylsulphate lead to?
Increased
stress
and anxiety
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What is faecal microbiota transplant used for?
Treating
multi-resistant
Clostridium difficile
infection
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What are the roles of gut microbiota?
Crucial for health
Digestion of food
Produces beneficial
metabolites
Strengthens immune system
Protects surfaces from
pathogens
Imbalance results in disease
Influences gut-brain axis
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What are the effects of dysbiosis on health?
Inhibits
normal flora
Allows
opportunistic pathogens
to invade
Can lead to ulcers and infections
Affects mood and behavior through gut-brain axis
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How does gut microbiota influence calorie harvesting?
Provides
10%
of calories from food
Converts complex
carbohydrates
to
short chain fatty acids
Affects
body fat
and
insulin resistance
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What is the impact of birth method on gut microbiota?
Acquired during passage through
birth canal
Caesarean
birth reduces colonisation by specific bacteria
Exclusive breastfeeding selects for beneficial bacteria
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