Multiple sclerosis

• What type of condition is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

  Autoimmune neurological condition
• What is the possible genetic link to multiple sclerosis?

  The condition may be inherited
• What environmental factor is linked to multiple sclerosis?

  Lack of vitamin D from limited sunlight
• How do viruses relate to multiple sclerosis?

  Viruses increase the chances of developing MS
• At what ages are most people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis?

  Between 20-40 years old
• Can multiple sclerosis affect younger and older people?

  Yes, it can affect all ages
• What does the immune system attack in multiple sclerosis?

  The myelin sheath of nerves
• What happens to electrical impulses in multiple sclerosis?

  They become blocked and interrupted
• How does multiple sclerosis progress over time?

  It deteriorates nerve actions over time
• Is there a cure for multiple sclerosis?

  No, there is no cure
• How do symptoms of multiple sclerosis vary?

  Symptoms vary greatly between individuals
• What visual problems can occur due to multiple sclerosis?

  Blurred or double vision
• What causes vision problems in multiple sclerosis?

  Damage to the optic nerve myelin sheath
• Can some people with multiple sclerosis go completely blind?

  Yes, some may go completely blind
• What physical symptoms may people with multiple sclerosis experience?

  Trembles, jerky movement, and weakness
• What issues may arise with balance and coordination in multiple sclerosis?

  Balance and coordination may be affected
• How might muscles be affected in multiple sclerosis?

  They may tire quickly or become weak
• What bladder and bowel issues can occur in multiple sclerosis?

  Weakness leading to double incontinence
• What psychological issues may arise in individuals with multiple sclerosis?

  Anxiety and depression may occur
• How does multiple sclerosis affect daily tasks?

  It causes problems with mobility and daily tasks
• What does Visual Evoked Responses (VEP) test measure?

  Speed of nerve messages between eye and brain
• What is the environment like during a VEP test?

  A darkened room with a special cap
• What pattern do participants watch during the VEP test?

  A black/red and white chequered pattern
• How do the black and white squares in the VEP test function?

  They alternate to generate nerve messages
• What is a lumbar puncture commonly used for?

  Checking for signs of MS in spinal fluid
• What is done to the area before a lumbar puncture?

  The area is disinfected in the lower back
• What is injected to numb the area for a lumbar puncture?

  A local anesthetic
• How does a person position themselves for a lumbar puncture?

  They either lie or sit up and curve the spine
• What is collected during a lumbar puncture?

  Cerebrospinal fluid
• What happens to the cerebrospinal fluid after collection?

  It is sent to a lab for analysis
• What abnormalities are looked for in the spinal fluid analysis?

  Elevated levels of antibodies
• Can one test definitively diagnose MS?

  No, a combination of tests is used
• What types of professionals are involved in diagnosing MS?

  GPs and neurologists
• What tests are included in the combination to diagnose MS?

  Muscle strength tests and lumbar puncture
• What is the purpose of an MRI scan in diagnosing MS?

  To eliminate other conditions with similar symptoms
• What is one of the tests used alongside Visual Evoked Response?

  Lumbar puncture
• What combination of tests is used to diagnose MS?

  • Visual Evoked Response (VEP)
  • Lumbar puncture and spinal fluid analysis
  • MRI scan to rule out other conditions
  • Consultation and observation with GP and neurologists