Neuroscience

• Temporal lobe: processing sensory input, long-term memories, ,emotion, some aspects of language perception.
• Occipital lobe: visual processing region of the brain, visual cortex
• Parietal lobe: integrates sensory information including touch, spatial awareness, and navigation
• Frontal lobe: attention, reward, short-term memory, motivation, and planning
• Neurons/Nerve cells: Neurons are the signalling units of the nervous system
• Neuronal circuits: Neurons do not function in isolation; they are organised in neural circuits
• dendrites: receive signals from neighboring neurons (like a radio antenna)
• axon: transmit signals over a distance (like telephone wires)
• axon terminal: transmit signals to other neuron dendrites or tissues (like a radio transmitter)
• myelin sheath: speeds up signal transmission along the axon
• 1. A stimulus from a sensory cell or another neuron causes the target cell to depolarize toward the threshold potential
  2. If the threshold of excitation is reached, all Na+ channels open and the membrane depolarizes
  3. At the peak action potential, K+ channels open and K+ begins to leave the cell. At the same time, Na+ channels close. The membrane becomes hyperpolarized as K+ ions continue to leave the cell.
  4. The hyperpolarized membrane is in a refractory period and cannot fire.
  5. The K+ channels close and the Na+/K+ transporter restores the resting potential.
• net influx of positive charge: excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
• Action potentials are electrical signals that enable rapid signaling within neurons
• The signals are transferred between neurons through chemical communication at the synapses
• Which parts does the brainstem consist of?


  medulla oblongata

  pons

  mid brain
• The pituitary gland is responsible for releasing a variety of neurohormones related to fear, love, and stress, while the pineal gland is important for melatonin production and circadian cycle regulation
• The parahippocampal gyrus is involved in various cognitive functions, including spatial navigation, recognition memory, and the processing of contextual information.
• The brain

  A) Midbrain

  B) Pons

  C) Medulla oblongata

  D) Cerebellum

  
• 7 main parts of the brain: spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum, midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum, cerebral hemisphere
• spinal cord receives sensory input from the whole body, send out motor instructions
• cerebellum regulates fine motor functions, fine regulation
• thalamus is like a relay, sensory input from spinal cord, sorts and cleans it up to be sent to the higher parts of the brain,
• hypothalamus regulates homeostasis
• brain stem: receives input from above the neck, sends out motor output to these parts; important for regulating arousal, wakefulness
• Cerebral hemisphere (brain) higher functions of processing information and doing something with that info (cognitive)
• The four lobes

  A) Frontal

  B) Parietal

  C) Occipital

  D) Temporal

  
• Temporal lobe: processing sensory input, long-term memories, ,emotion, some aspects of language perception.
• Occipital lobe: visual processing region of the brain, visual cortex.
• Parietal lobe: integrates sensory information including touch, spatial awareness, and navigation
• Frontal lobe: attention, reward, short-term memory, motivation, and planning
• Neuron structure

  A) dendrite

  B) cell body

  C) nucleus

  D) axon

  E) Schwann cell

  F) myelin sheath

  G) node of ranvier

  H) axon terminal

  
• dendrites: receive signals from neighboring neurons (like a radio antenna) via neurotansmitters
• soma/cell body: has all the main organelles like nucleus
• axon: transmit signals over a distance (like telephone wires), wrapped in fatty myelin
• axon terminal: transmit signals to other neuron dendrites or tissues (like a radio transmitter)
• myelin sheath: speeds up signal transmission along the axon
• Resting potential: inside of cell more negative, -70mV
• When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the dendrite, a ligand-gated ion channel opens up to allow flow. When a neuron receives a signal, the membrane potential changes, leading to the initiation of an action potential.
• Stimulus causes the target cell to depolarize toward the threshold potential.
• If the threshold of excitation is reached, all Na+ channels open and the membrane depolarizes, extra Na+ entering the cell makes the cell less negative, resulting in depolarization.