Narrative

• narrative (Erzahlung)combines discourse (how something is told by whom to whom/form)

  and story/histoire (the content of what is told)

  succession of events in verbal medium, distinction between story& plot

  ↳ Story: succession of events ("The king died and then the green died "

  Plot: succession of events based on causality ("The king died and then the queen dies of grief")
• first-person narrator (Ich-Erzähler)-> shares the characters world, involved in the story

  Cognitive and temporal distance between narrating I and experiencing I -> determines quality of

  narrative

  also: I-as-protagonist -> centre of own story

  I-as-witness -> minor character and observer
• authorial narrator (auktorialer Erzähler)-> beyond the characte'rs world, looks at it from the outside, has the ability to look into the characters

  · mediates between world of characters and readers, ghostly presence,

  omnipresent& omniscient
• figural narrative situation (personale Erzahlsituation)-> no visible narrator and presents events through a character's perspective

  ↳ not actual person, reflector, characters perspective
• point of view:

  voice -> 'Who speaks to whom from which position in relation to the story?

  focalisation -> 'who percieves? '
• covert narrator: voice that reports information

  overt narrator: mediator in the discource, comments
• heterodiegetic narrator: does not belong in the world of the characters (3rd person narrator. )

  homodiegetic narrator: belongs to the world of the story, becomes

  autodiegetic narrator: tells the story of their own life
• -intradiegetic narrator:

  tells embedded story within the

  frame narrative

  -extradiegetic narrator:

  narrator of the frame narrative
• Internal focalisation: perspective within a character -> limits information to their grasp of the world

  fixed focalisation: same perspective throughout the narrative

  variable focalisation: different scenes through different perspectives

  multiple focalisation: invites comparisons between several perspectives of the same event
• External focalisation (character knows more) presents information of characters' external behaviour

  eg. speech, action but not thoughts/feelings

  ↳ can also be unreliable narrator
• zero focalisation: perspective cannot be attributed to someone in particular or has no restrictions and can vary

  (narrator knows more than the characters ->Omniscient narrator)
• types of speech representation

  1 diagetic summary (no aspects of dialoge shown, only told that it happened)

  2. Summary (less purely diagetic)

  3. inderect content paraphrase

  4. indirect discourse (ninetic to some degree

  5. free indirect discourse (free because no references like 'she thought'

  6. direct discourse (dialogue)

  7 free direct discourse Cinterior monologue)
• duration (Erzähldauer)-result of relationship between discourse and story time

  text time (Erzählzeit)-time needed to tell /read the story (discourse)

  Story time: (erzählte Zeit) histoire
• ellipsis =Auslassung

  Summary =Raffung

  Scene =same time as their occurrence

  Stretch =Zeitdehnung

  pause =in relation of events eg discriptions/reflections/comments (not plot)
• associative digressions: (Abschweifungen)

  anachionic: (non-chronological)

  flash forward (prolepsis; Vorausdeutung)

  flashback (analepsis; Rückgriff)