ARTH 2105 - Midterm

• What order of Greek temple architecture is presented here?

  Doric

  • Earliest, simplest
  • Favoured mainly in the west
  • Most temples in Italy are this design

  
• What order of Greek temple architecture is presented below?

  Ionic

  • Sits on a base, Romans really like this

  
• What order of Greek temple architecture is presented below?

  Corinthian

  • Toward the end of the Classical period
  • Favoured by the Romans and the far east

  
• What type of Roman wall construction technique is presented below?

  Opus Quadratum

  • four sided blocks
  • dry fit

  
• What type of Roman wall construction technique is presented below?

  Opus Reticulatum

  • net shaped
  • triangular back to push into concrete
  • looks regular and nice

  
• What type of Roman wall construction technique is presented below?

  Opus Incertum

  • irregular, cone shaped stone
  • pushed stone into cement
  • made buildings more decorative

  
• What type of Roman wall construction technique is presented below?

  Opus Latericium

  • teracotta bricks
  • triangular backings to push into concrete
  • neat look

  
• Marcus Claudius Marcellus

  • Conquered Sicily
  • Brought back stolen art from Greece
  • Began the “Greek Mania” among the Romans
• Antikythera Wreck 75 - 50 BCE

  • Boat full of loot from Greece
  • A storm sunk the ship
  • Was found by a sponge diver
• The Riace Bronzes 460 - 450 BCE

  • found by sponge divers
  • life size statues of warriors in different posses
  • classical style
  • may have been copies
• Artists “fixing“ broken statues PROBLEMS:

  • Interpretations may be different
  • hard to tell what the original art was
  • difficult to remove additions without harming original
• Laocoon 200 BCE

  • Found in the baths of Trojan
  • Piny the Elder described it as being created by Agesander, Polydorus, and Athenodorus
  • unable to tell if it is an original or a copy
  • limbs missing when found
• Dying Seneca - 2nd century CE

  • statue was found in pieces
  • statue recreation was based off story of Seneca
  • statue is probably just a fisherman
• Johann Joachim Wincklemann

  • First archaeologist
  • first person to separate Greek art, Roman art, and Roman copies of Greek art
  • believed it is better to study an original than a copy
  • encouraged artists to imitate classical art
  • the father of art history
• First discovery of Pompeii - 16th century

  • unaware that it was Pompeii
  • Domenico Fontana found statues but ignored them
  • covered in ash meant it was easy to dig
  • excavations began in 1750
  • 1863 > stone inscriptions identifying it as Republic of Pomepii
• Discovery of Herculaneum - 1709

  • Discovered by a man digging a well
  • after discovery, everyone was trying to find treasures
  • covered in mud meant it was hard to dig
  • excavations began in 1738 > clearing dirt to steal them
• Context and Archaeology. Why is it important?

  • allows you to figure out things about society
  • things lose information when taken out of context
  • missing pieces of the puzzle
  • almost impossible to get context back again
• Museum Collections - Louvre

  • paid local workmen to excavate the site, the government would give the museum a share of the findings
  • wall paintings ripped off the wall
• Museum collections - Berlin

  • took entire monuments
  • would build their museums around the monuments
• Flavio Biondo

  • Did not excavate
  • wrote a guide to the ruins in Rome
  • first person to do serious cataloging in Rome
• Carlo Fea

  • had questionable methods
  • excavated the Pantheon, Colosseum, and the Forum
• Carlo Fea and the Forum

  • Discovered the Discobolus statue In 1781
• Carlo Fea and the Arch of Septimuis Severus

  • excavated in 1803
  • rain caused erosion
• Arthur L. Fronthingham

  • sponsored digs of Etruscan tombs
  • Italian government let him take some home
  • University of Pennsylvania Museum has many Italian antiquities from this time
• Problems in Archaeology - Rescue excavations

  • quick deadline (24 - 48 hours)
  • whatever is not taken gets demolished
  • costs companies money
  • archaeologists don’t get good funding
• Problems in Archaeology - Looters

  • antiquities can be sold for a lot of money
  • lost opportunities for information and context
  • destrution
  • disrespecting tombs
• Dying Seneca

  
• The Riace Bronzes

  
• Aeneas escapes from Troy

  • Leaves carrying his father (Anchises)
  • Holds his son’s hand (Ascanius)
  • Leaves behind his wife (Creusa)

  
• Romulus and Remus feeding from the she-wolf

  • Gained traits, such as being wild, from the wolf

  
• Villanovan house

  • Pictured is a hut urn

  
• Villanovan armour

  • similar to Urnfield and Etruscans

  
• New York Kouros

  • 590 - 580 BCE
  • 6 ft 4
  • Kouros = young man
  • Archaic Greek sculpture

  
• The Egyptian system of proportions

  
• Kroisos

  • c. 530 BCE

  
• Kritios Boy

  • c. 480 BCE
  • Transition to Classical

  
• Doryphoros

  • c. 450 - 400 BCE
  • walking stance
  • Symmetria - unknown mathematical formula of proportions
  • walking stance: weight is shifted, curve of the spine

  
• Story of Aeneas, 1200 BCE

  • Troy was burning, Gods told Aeneas to leave
  • Aeneas brings his father and son, leaves his wife behind
  • Aeneas searches for the home of Dardanus
  • Aeneas lands at Carthage and falls in love w Queen Dido, who kills herself
  • Aeneas sails to Italy
  • Ascanius founds Alba Longa
  • Mars rapes Rhea Silvia, has Romulus and Remus
  • R + R found Rome, Romulus kills Remus
• What does the Story of Aeneas say about Romans?

  • Conceived through violence
  • partly wild and untamed
  • bound by duty, law and tradition
  • civilization is an noble and Greece
• Paleolithic Period

  • 257,000 - 250,000 BCE
  • begins when people began to make stone tools