3.1

• What is hard power?

  Hard power is the use of military force or coercion by a country to influence others and express its will.
• What is soft power?

  Soft power is the ability of a country to co-opt rather than coerce, getting others to want the same outcomes through attraction and influence
• What is smart power?

  Smart power is a strategic combination of both hard and soft power used by powerful countries to achieve their goals effectively.
• What does the power spectrum represent?

  The power spectrum shows a range of actions countries can take to express power and influence, from military force to diplomatic and cultural outreach.
• What is the Soft Power Index?

  The Soft Power Index is a ranking created in 2012 by UK magazine Monocle and a government institute, measuring countries' soft power capabilities
• Which types of countries rank highest in the Soft Power Index?

  Smaller countries often rank higher; for example, the UK ranked 1st with a score of 7.2, and Sweden ranked 5th with 5.7 in 2012. Larger countries often rank lower; Brazil was 17th with a score of 4.2, and China was 21st in 2012.
• Who introduced the concept of soft power and when?

  The concept of soft power was introduced by political scientist Joseph Nye of Harvard University in 1990.
• How does culture contribute to soft power?

  Culture contributes to soft power by making a country attractive to others through its media, arts, and lifestyle.
• How does foreign policy contribute to soft power?

  Foreign policy boosts soft power when it is seen as morally legitimate and widely supported internationally.