Phases Of The Cell Cycle

• Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell.
• The cell cycle is the process by which cells grow, divide, and reproduce.
• The stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
• Prophase is the first stage of mitosis where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, spindle fibers form, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles, and chromatids become attached to kinetochore proteins on the centromere.
• Metaphase is the second stage of mitosis where chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell, with sister chromatids held together by cohesin protein at the centromeres.
• Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.
• Prophase involves chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, spindle formation, centriole separation, and microtubule assembly.
• Metaphase occurs when chromatids align at the equatorial plate.
• Anaphase begins with sister chromatid separation and ends with their movement to opposite poles.
• Metaphase is the second stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane of the cell, with their kinetochores facing the center of the cell.
• Anaphase is the third stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite ends of the cell due to tension created by microtubules pulling them apart.
• Telophase is the fourth stage of mitosis where new nuclei begin forming around the separated sets of chromosomes, the nuclear membrane reforms, and the chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin.
• Cell growth is a process where a living thing produces more cells.
• The information that controls a cell's function is stored in a molecule known as DNA.
• In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell.
• Cells divide rather than continuing to grow indefinitely due to the increased demands placed on the cell's DNA as it grows larger and the cell's inability to move enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.
• The larger a cell becomes, the more demands it places on its DNA and the more trouble it has moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.
• A cell's volume and its surface area are related, and understanding this relationship is key to understanding why cells must divide as they grow.
• Brain cells, liver cells, red blood cells, stem cells, muscle cells, and plasms of egg cells can all be derived from stem cells.
• Stem cells can be used to grow new liver tissue, to replace heart valves, and to reverse the effects of diabetes.
• The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells is called cell division.
• Each daughter cell receives its own genetic "library" as a result of DNA replication.
• Cells divide before they become too large to maintain sufficient amounts of oxygen and nutrients in and waste products out.
• The ratio of surface area to volume in cells can be calculated by dividing the surface area by the volume.
• Before cell division occurs, the cell replicates, or copies, all of its DNA.
• Replication of DNA solves the problem of information storage because each daughter cell gets one complete set of genetic information.
• Each daughter cell has an increased ratio of surface area to volume after cell division, allowing efficient exchange of materials with the environment.
• As a cell grows larger, the ratio of surface area to volume decreases, causing serious problems for the cell.
• Cell division also solves the problem of increasing size by reducing cell volume.
• Centromeres are located near the middle of the chromatids in a human body cell entering cell division, with some lying near the chromosomes.
• Most eukaryotic cells go through a regular cycle of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
• G, and G2 are gap phases.
• The S phase is when chromosomes are replicated and the synthesis of DNA molecules takes place, with key proteins associated with the chromosomes also synthesized during this phase.
• During the normal cell cycle, interphase can be quite long, whereas the process of cell division takes place quickly.
• Cell division takes place during the M phase.
• Mitosis has four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and the events of mitosis may last anywhere from a few minutes to several days.
• During prophase, the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus.
• Interphase is divided into three phases: G1, S, and G2.
• The G1 phase is a period of activity in which cells do most of their growing, increasing in size and synthesizing new proteins and organelles.
• During the G2 phase, many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced, and when the events of the G2 phase are completed, the cell is ready to enter the M phase and begin the process of cell division.