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GCSE Biology p1
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Cards (125)
What subjects does the AQA GCSE biology paper 1 cover?
Cells, organization, infection, and
bioenergetics
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What can be seen with a normal light microscope?
Cells
and possibly the
nucleus
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What advantage does an electron microscope have over a light microscope?
It allows us to see
finer details
of
organelles
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How is magnification calculated?
Magnification =
image size
/
object size
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How can you find the actual size of a cell using magnification?
Divide
the
image size
by magnification
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What are the two main groups of cells?
Eukaryotic
and
prokaryotic
cells
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What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus
; prokaryotic do not
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
It keeps
everything
inside the cell
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What does it mean for a cell membrane to be semi-permeable?
It allows certain
substances
to pass through
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What do plant cells and most bacteria have that provides rigidity?
A cell wall made of
cellulose
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What is the cytoplasm's role in a cell?
It is where most
chemical reactions
occur
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Where does respiration take place in a cell?
In the mitochondria
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What is the function of ribosomes?
They
assemble
or synthesize proteins
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What do chloroplasts contain and what is their function?
They contain
chlorophyll
for
photosynthesis
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What is stored in the permanent vacuole of plant cells?
Sap
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How do bacteria multiply?
By
binary fission
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What is the aseptic technique used in culturing bacteria?
Lift the lid of the dish towards a flame
Use
sterilized
equipment
Tape the lid partially to allow air in
Incubate at 25
degrees
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How do you calculate the area of a bacterial culture?
Use
π
r
2
\pi r^2
π
r
2
or
π
d
2
4
\frac{\pi d^2}{4}
4
π
d
2
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What is the chromosome number in human diploid cells?
46
chromosomes
(23 pairs)
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What are gametes and how many chromosomes do they have?
Gametes have 23 chromosomes, not pairs
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What process do cells use to duplicate for growth and repair?
Mitosis
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What are the steps of mitosis?
Genetic material
duplicates
Nucleus breaks down
Chromosome pairs
pulled to opposite sides
New nuclei form
Two identical cells are produced
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What are stem cells and where are they found?
Undifferentiated cells found in embryos and bone marrow
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How can stem cells be used in medicine?
To combat conditions like diabetes and paralysis
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What is cloning in plants used for?
To prevent extinction or produce specific crops
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What is diffusion?
Movement of
molecules
from high to low
concentration
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Why is diffusion considered a passive process?
It does not require energy input
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What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
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What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water moves out, decreasing its mass
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What factors can increase the rate of diffusion and osmosis?
Concentration difference, temperature, surface area
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What is the practical procedure for osmosis using potatoes?
Cut equal-sized cylinders from potatoes
Weigh and place in sugar solutions
Reweigh after a day
Calculate percentage change in mass
Plot against sugar concentration
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What is active transport?
Movement of substances against a
concentration gradient
using energy
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How do carrier proteins function in active transport?
They use energy to move substances through membranes
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How are cells organized in multicellular organisms?
Similar cells form
tissues
Tissues form
organs
Organs work together in organ systems
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What is the function of the digestive system?
To break down food into
useful
nutrients
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What role does bile play in digestion?
Neutralizes
stomach acid
and emulsifies fats
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What are enzymes?
Biological
catalysts that speed up
reactions
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How do enzymes work on substrates?
They bind to the
active site
to form a complex
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What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?
They can
denature
and lose function
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What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity?
The temperature at which the
maximum rate
occurs
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