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    Cards (125)

    • What subjects does the AQA GCSE biology paper 1 cover?
      Cells, organization, infection, and bioenergetics
    • What can be seen with a normal light microscope?
      Cells and possibly the nucleus
    • What advantage does an electron microscope have over a light microscope?
      It allows us to see finer details of organelles
    • How is magnification calculated?
      Magnification = image size / object size
    • How can you find the actual size of a cell using magnification?
      Divide the image size by magnification
    • What are the two main groups of cells?
      Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
    • What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
      Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic do not
    • What is the function of the cell membrane?
      It keeps everything inside the cell
    • What does it mean for a cell membrane to be semi-permeable?
      It allows certain substances to pass through
    • What do plant cells and most bacteria have that provides rigidity?
      A cell wall made of cellulose
    • What is the cytoplasm's role in a cell?
      It is where most chemical reactions occur
    • Where does respiration take place in a cell?
      In the mitochondria
    • What is the function of ribosomes?
      They assemble or synthesize proteins
    • What do chloroplasts contain and what is their function?
      They contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
    • What is stored in the permanent vacuole of plant cells?
      Sap
    • How do bacteria multiply?
      By binary fission
    • What is the aseptic technique used in culturing bacteria?
      • Lift the lid of the dish towards a flame
      • Use sterilized equipment
      • Tape the lid partially to allow air in
      • Incubate at 25 degrees
    • How do you calculate the area of a bacterial culture?
      Use πr2\pi r^2 or πd24\frac{\pi d^2}{4}
    • What is the chromosome number in human diploid cells?
      46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
    • What are gametes and how many chromosomes do they have?
      Gametes have 23 chromosomes, not pairs
    • What process do cells use to duplicate for growth and repair?
      Mitosis
    • What are the steps of mitosis?
      1. Genetic material duplicates
      2. Nucleus breaks down
      3. Chromosome pairs pulled to opposite sides
      4. New nuclei form
      5. Two identical cells are produced
    • What are stem cells and where are they found?
      Undifferentiated cells found in embryos and bone marrow
    • How can stem cells be used in medicine?
      To combat conditions like diabetes and paralysis
    • What is cloning in plants used for?
      To prevent extinction or produce specific crops
    • What is diffusion?
      Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
    • Why is diffusion considered a passive process?
      It does not require energy input
    • What is osmosis?
      Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
    • What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
      Water moves out, decreasing its mass
    • What factors can increase the rate of diffusion and osmosis?
      Concentration difference, temperature, surface area
    • What is the practical procedure for osmosis using potatoes?
      1. Cut equal-sized cylinders from potatoes
      2. Weigh and place in sugar solutions
      3. Reweigh after a day
      4. Calculate percentage change in mass
      5. Plot against sugar concentration
    • What is active transport?
      Movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy
    • How do carrier proteins function in active transport?
      They use energy to move substances through membranes
    • How are cells organized in multicellular organisms?
      • Similar cells form tissues
      • Tissues form organs
      • Organs work together in organ systems
    • What is the function of the digestive system?
      To break down food into useful nutrients
    • What role does bile play in digestion?
      Neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fats
    • What are enzymes?
      Biological catalysts that speed up reactions
    • How do enzymes work on substrates?
      They bind to the active site to form a complex
    • What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?
      They can denature and lose function
    • What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity?
      The temperature at which the maximum rate occurs