infection and response

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms causing infectious diseases
• How do pathogens spread?

  Through direct contact, water, or air
• What are the four types of pathogens?

  Viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi
• What is the size of viruses?

  Very small
• How do viruses replicate?

  By using the host cell's biochemistry
• What happens to the host cell when a virus replicates?

  The cell bursts, releasing copies into the bloodstream
• What effect do viruses have on the individual?

  They cause damage and make the individual feel ill
• How do bacteria multiply?

  By binary fission
• What do bacteria produce that can damage cells?

  Toxins
• What are protists known for?

  Some are parasitic, using hosts
• What structures do fungi have?

  Hyphae and spores
• How do fungi spread?

  By producing spores
• What are the main ways pathogens are spread?

  • Direct contact (e.g., touching contaminated surfaces)
  • By water (e.g., drinking dirty water)
  • By air (e.g., droplet infection)
• What is direct contact in pathogen transmission?

  Touching contaminated surfaces or fluids
• What is droplet infection?

  Pathogens expelled in droplets from sneezing
• How can the spread of diseases be reduced?

  By improving hygiene and vaccination
• What are methods to limit the spread of pathogens?

  • Improving hygiene (hand washing, disinfectants)
  • Reducing contact with infected individuals
  • Removing vectors (pesticides, habitat removal)
  • Vaccination (immunizing individuals)
• What is the purpose of vaccination?

  To make individuals immune to diseases
• What happens when a person is vaccinated?

  They produce antibodies against the pathogen
• What is herd immunity?

  Protection of a population through immunization
• Why are viral diseases particularly dangerous?

  They can enter all types of cells
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Fever and red skin rash
• How is measles spread?

  Through droplet infection
• How is HIV initially characterized?

  By flu-like symptoms
• What does HIV lead to?

  AIDS, making the body susceptible to diseases
• How is HIV spread?

  Through sexual contact or bodily fluids
• What are methods to prevent HIV transmission?

  Using condoms and not sharing needles
• What is the purpose of antiretroviral drugs?

  To stop the virus from replicating
• What is the tobacco mosaic virus?

  A plant pathogen affecting many plant species
• What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?

  Discolouration of leaves, reduced yield
• How is tobacco mosaic virus spread?

  Through contact between diseased and healthy plants
• How can tobacco mosaic virus be prevented?

  By good field hygiene and pest control
• What is salmonella food poisoning caused by?

  Bacteria living in the gut of animals
• What are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning?

  Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
• How is salmonella spread?

  Through raw meat and unhygienic conditions
• How can salmonella be prevented?

  By vaccinating poultry and proper food handling
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

  Thick yellow or green discharge, pain urinating
• How is gonorrhoea spread?

  Through unprotected sexual contact
• How can gonorrhoea be prevented?

  By using condoms and antibiotics
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots on rose leaves