carbohydrates

• What are monosaccharides?

  Monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made
• Name three common monosaccharides.

  Glucose, galactose, and fructose
• What type of reaction forms a glycosidic bond?

  A condensation reaction between two monosaccharides
• What are disaccharides formed from?

  Condensation of two monosaccharides
• What is maltose formed from?

  Condensation of two glucose molecules
• What is sucrose formed from?

  Condensation of glucose and fructose
• What is lactose formed from?

  Condensation of glucose and galactose
• How many isomers does glucose have?

  Two isomers: α-glucose and β-glucose
• What are polysaccharides formed from?

  Condensation of many glucose units
• What are glycogen and starch formed from?

  Condensation of α-glucose
• What is cellulose formed from?

  Condensation of β-glucose
• What are the basic structures and functions of glycogen, starch, and cellulose?

  • Glycogen: energy storage in animals
  • Starch: energy storage in plants
  • Cellulose: structural component in plant cell walls
• How do the structures of glycogen, starch, and cellulose relate to their functions?

  • Glycogen: branched structure for quick energy release
  • Starch: helical structure for compact energy storage
  • Cellulose: linear structure for rigidity and strength
• What biochemical test is used for reducing sugars?

  Benedict's solution
• What biochemical test is used for non-reducing sugars?

  Benedict's solution after hydrolysis
• What is the test for starch?

  Iodine/potassium iodide solution