Part II

• Laryngeus sup
• Innervation - sympathetic and parasympathetic (n)
• Parathyoideae - parathyocytes.
• Suprarenalis is an anatomical term for the adrenal gland, which is located on the upper poles of the kidneys, weighing between 4-5 grams on the right and 5-7 grams on the left.
• The adrenal gland has three surfaces: facies anterior, facies posterior, and facies renalis, which is covered with adipose tissue layer separated from the kidney.
• The adrenal gland has two edges: margo superior and medialis (hilum).
• The microscopic structure of the adrenal gland includes a peripheral endocrine organ covered by the same capsules like the kidneys, with a fibrous capsule and an adipose connective tissue fascia.
• The parenchyma of the adrenal gland consists of two parts: cortex (peripheral) which contains adrenocorticocytes, and medulla (inner) which contains chromaphin cells.
• Adrenocorticocytes are arranged in groups with different orientation in the three zones of the cortex, and in the loose connective tissue between them, there are numerous fenestrated capillaries.
• Adrenal gland produces mineralcorticosteroids, glucocorticosteroids, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which are different in size and shape cells with elongated to polygonal shape, lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, and well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria with tubular cristae.
• The adrenal gland also produces adrenalin and noradrenalin, which are large in size cells, polygonal, and have secretory granules (dense core granules), different in size.
• The adrenal gland is supplied with blood from superior (branch of a phrenica inf.), media (branch of abdominal aorta), and inf (branch of a.renalis), and returns venous blood to vena cava inf.
• The parafollicular cells are small in size, light stained with well developed organelles for protein synthesis, including rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and ribosomes.
• Above the lobus pyramidalis or near the two main lobes, there are accessory glands known as glandulae thyroideae accessoriae.
• The cells of the follicle, known as thyrocytes, have very well developed cellular organelles for protein synthesis, including rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and numerous ribosomes.
• The thyroid gland is situated in the regio cervicalis anterior.
• The secretory cycle of the thyrocyte involves synthesis, secretion, reabsorption, and release in the blood stream.
• The parafollicular cells contain secretory granules (dense core granules).
• The thyroid gland has a microscopic structure that includes a fibrous connective tissue capsule, connective tissue slips, the true stroma, lobules in the parenchyma, and follicles as the main structural unit.
• The thyroid gland consists of three parts: lobus dexter, lobus sinister, and lobus pyramidalis.
• The thyrocytes produce two hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine, T4), which are accumulated as inactive form (thyroxine) in the cavity of the follicles.
• In the loose connective tissue between the follicles, there are C-cells (clear cells, calcitonin-producing cells) and parafollicular cells, which are the second endocrine cell population in the thyroid gland.
• The thyroid gland is the largest peripheral endocrine organ, weighing about 20-40 g.
• The adrenal gland is innervated by sympathetic (pl.coeliacus et renalis).